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Instabilidade de categorias sociais imaginárias : o que pode dizer-nos sobre a instabilidade de estereótipos sociais?
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Um estudo de Garcia-Marques, Santos e Mackie (2006) reporta que uma instabi-lidade intra-participante de estereótipos sociais coexiste com um alto nível de acordo in-tra-item inter-participantes. Payne, Vuletich e Lundberg (2017) explicam estes padrões como o resultado de um efeito semelhante ao Wisdom of Crowds (Surowiecki, 2004), com a instabilidade individual resultante da acessibilidade, e a estabilidade a nível grupal a originar da agregação de participantes. O presente trabalho usa a mesma metodologia teste-reteste (Katz & Braly, 1933) para estudar se os mesmos resultados são replicados sob condições de independência dos participantes (assumida pelo Wisdom of Crowds). O estudo 1 dividiu participantes entre 2 condições, categorias sociais e categorias sociais imaginárias (das quais os participantes não possuíam qualquer conhecimento partilhado prévio), e pediu-lhes que selecionassem atributos, de uma lista, que melhor descrevessem cada grupo social. A tarefa foi repetida 2 semanas mais tarde, e as respostas foram com-paradas. Os resultados replicaram os de Garcia-Marques e colaboradores (2006), com níveis altos de estabilidade intra-item (amostra agregada) contrastantes com moderada instabilidade intra-participante, mesmo para as categorias sociais imaginárias. O estudo 2 procurou aumentar ainda mais a independência dos participantes manipulando a tipici-dade das listas, sob a assunção de que traços típicos e familiares fornecem estruturas de conhecimento culturalmente partilhadas, que guiam as escolhas dos participantes, redu-zindo variabilidade. Uma vez mais, o mesmo padrão de resultados foi observado, mas, surpreendentemente, a condição da lista atípica mostrou níveis de estabilidade mais altos. Possíveis explicações dos resultados e limitações à ideia de independência dos partici-pantes são discutidas.
Studies by Garcia-Marques, Santos and Mackie (2006), have directly reported that a within-participant instability of social stereotypes coexists with a very high degree of across-participants within-item agreement. Payne, Vuletich and Lundberg (2017) explain such pattern as the result of a Wisdom of Crowds (Surowiecki, 2004)-like effect, with individual instability as the result of accessibility, and group-level stability stemming from the aggregation of participants. The present studies use the same test-retest method-ology (Katz & Braly, 1933) to address if the same results replicate under conditions of participant independence (assumed by Wisdom of Crowds). Study 1 divided participants between 2 conditions, social categories and imaginary social categories (of which partic-ipants had no previous shared knowledge), and asked them to select attributes from a list to best describe each social group. The task was repeated 2 weeks later, and answers were compared. Results replicated those of Garcia-Marques and colleagues (2006), with high levels of within-item (aggregated sample) stability contrasting with moderate within-par-ticipant instability, even for imaginary social categories. Study 2 sought to further in-crease participant independence by manipulating list typicality, under the assumption that typical and familiar traits provide culturally shared structures of knowledge that guide participants’ choices, reducing variability. Once again, the same pattern of results was observed but, unexpectedly, the atypical list condition showed greater stability levels. Possible explanations for these results and limitations on the prospect of participant inde-pendence are discussed.
Studies by Garcia-Marques, Santos and Mackie (2006), have directly reported that a within-participant instability of social stereotypes coexists with a very high degree of across-participants within-item agreement. Payne, Vuletich and Lundberg (2017) explain such pattern as the result of a Wisdom of Crowds (Surowiecki, 2004)-like effect, with individual instability as the result of accessibility, and group-level stability stemming from the aggregation of participants. The present studies use the same test-retest method-ology (Katz & Braly, 1933) to address if the same results replicate under conditions of participant independence (assumed by Wisdom of Crowds). Study 1 divided participants between 2 conditions, social categories and imaginary social categories (of which partic-ipants had no previous shared knowledge), and asked them to select attributes from a list to best describe each social group. The task was repeated 2 weeks later, and answers were compared. Results replicated those of Garcia-Marques and colleagues (2006), with high levels of within-item (aggregated sample) stability contrasting with moderate within-par-ticipant instability, even for imaginary social categories. Study 2 sought to further in-crease participant independence by manipulating list typicality, under the assumption that typical and familiar traits provide culturally shared structures of knowledge that guide participants’ choices, reducing variability. Once again, the same pattern of results was observed but, unexpectedly, the atypical list condition showed greater stability levels. Possible explanations for these results and limitations on the prospect of participant inde-pendence are discussed.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Cognição Social Aplicada), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2018
Palavras-chave
Estereótipo (Psicologia) Teses de mestrado - 2018 Instabilidade Teses de mestrado - 2018