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Compostos iodados em diagnóstico e em terapêutica
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O Iodo é um dos elementos químicos não metálico situado no grupo dos halogénios da Tabela Periódica, sendo fundamental para a vida humana. Este elemento encontra-se na Natureza, podendo ser extraído industrialmente da água salgada na forma de iodeto de sódio (NaI), dos veios petrolíferos na forma de iodeto de potássio (KI) ou obtido através de um processo designado por “Salitre do Chile”.
Ao longo da presente revisão bibliográfica, o Iodo é abordado enquanto componente radioativo fundamental dos compostos iodados, utilizados tanto no diagnóstico como na terapêutica de inúmeras patologias, os quais compreendem diversas moléculas marcadas radioactivamente por isótopos de Iodo, ou seja, radiofármacos e anticorpos monoclonais marcados com Iodo radioativo, utilizados em Radiofarmácia e Radioimunoterapia, respetivamente. Abordar-se-ão também os tipos de radiação emitida, os dois principais métodos de deteção e aquisição de imagens e as suas aplicações como agente de contraste em Imagiologia.
No decurso desta revisão bibliográfica são descritas as características do Iodo e dos seus principais radioisótopos, 123I, 124I, 125I, 128I, 130I, 131I e 132I, referindo-se as suas propriedades e as suas funções e aplicações como no diagnóstico e na terapêutica. Por conseguinte, dar-se-á ênfase ao radiofármaco NaI-[123I] utilizado no diagnóstico de anomalias morfológicas e funcionais da glândula tiróide e aos radiofármacos iofetamina-[123I], ioflupano-[123I] e iomazenil-[123I] em perturbações do foro cerebral. No âmbito da terapêutica, serão descritas as aplicações do Iodo especificamente no radiofármaco NaI- [131I] e a sua utilização no tratamento do Hipertiroidismo e do Carcinoma da Tiróide.
Iodine is one element of the nonmetallic halogens group of the Periodic Table and is fundamental for human life. When found in Nature, it is industrially extracted from salt water as sodium iodide (NaI), from oil shafts as potassium iodide (KI) or obtained through a process called “Chile Saltpeter”. Throughout the present review of literature, Iodine is addressed as a fundamental radioactive component of iodinated compounds, used both in diagnosis as well as in the therapeutic of countless pathologies, comprising several molecules radioactively marked by iodine isotopes, that is, radiopharmaceuticals and monoclonal antibodies marked with radioactive iodine, used in Radiopharmacy and Radioimmunotherapy, respectively. The types of radiation, the two main methods of detection and image acquisition and their applications as contrast agents in Imaging will also be analyzed. During this review of literature the characteristics of Iodine and its main radioisotopes: 123I, 124I, 125I, 128I, 130I, 131I and 132I are described, mentioning their properties and their functions and applications as fundamental elements in diagnosis and in therapeutic. As such, emphasis will be given to the radiopharmaceutical [123I]-NaI as a means of diagnosing morphological and functional disturbances of the thyroid gland and to the radiopharmaceuticals [123I]-iofetamine, [123I]-ioflupane and [123I]-iomazenil in brain disturbances. As for therapy, the applications of iodine will be described, specifically of the radiopharmaceutical [131I]-NaI and of its use in the treatment of Hyperthyroidism and of Thyroid Carcinoma.
Iodine is one element of the nonmetallic halogens group of the Periodic Table and is fundamental for human life. When found in Nature, it is industrially extracted from salt water as sodium iodide (NaI), from oil shafts as potassium iodide (KI) or obtained through a process called “Chile Saltpeter”. Throughout the present review of literature, Iodine is addressed as a fundamental radioactive component of iodinated compounds, used both in diagnosis as well as in the therapeutic of countless pathologies, comprising several molecules radioactively marked by iodine isotopes, that is, radiopharmaceuticals and monoclonal antibodies marked with radioactive iodine, used in Radiopharmacy and Radioimmunotherapy, respectively. The types of radiation, the two main methods of detection and image acquisition and their applications as contrast agents in Imaging will also be analyzed. During this review of literature the characteristics of Iodine and its main radioisotopes: 123I, 124I, 125I, 128I, 130I, 131I and 132I are described, mentioning their properties and their functions and applications as fundamental elements in diagnosis and in therapeutic. As such, emphasis will be given to the radiopharmaceutical [123I]-NaI as a means of diagnosing morphological and functional disturbances of the thyroid gland and to the radiopharmaceuticals [123I]-iofetamine, [123I]-ioflupane and [123I]-iomazenil in brain disturbances. As for therapy, the applications of iodine will be described, specifically of the radiopharmaceutical [131I]-NaI and of its use in the treatment of Hyperthyroidism and of Thyroid Carcinoma.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2016
Palavras-chave
Iodo Radiofármacos Agentes de contraste iodados Diagnóstico Terapêutica Mestrado Integrado - 2016