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A obrigação de identificação como medida de polícia
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O presente trabalho incide sobre o regime legal da identificação de pessoas – controlo de identidade – no Direito português, no âmbito da atividade de polícia. Através deste, procuramos solucionar uma questão que nos ocupa há algum tempo e tanta divergência, no âmbito criminal e contraordenacional, tem causado na doutrina e jurisprudência: em que circunstâncias e termos é admissível a identificação de pessoas pela polícia?
Para o efeito, uma vez que apenas nos importa a atividade de polícia (polícia em sentido materia em especial), em primeiro lugar procuraremos delimitá-la em relação à demais atividade administrativa, para depois descortinar se todos os atos de polícia consubstanciam as chamadas medidas de polícia. Porém, para o podermos fazer necessitamos igualmente de compreender este conceito e as suas implicações.
Uma vez compreendida a simbiose polícia e medida de polícia, debruçar-nos-emos sobre a natureza jurídica da ordem de identificação e o seu enquadramento no “mundo” dos atos de polícia, para em seguida analisarmos, em concreto, o regime legal de identificação previsto no nosso ordenamento jurídico, sem prejuízo de passarmos revista, de forma sumária, ao que se passa no Direito francês, espanhol e alemão.
Por fim, concluiremos apresentando uma resposta clara e precisa à pergunta que enunciámos. Ou seja, concluiremos que, para além dos casos de suspeita ou flagrante delito por infração (apenas flagrante delito na contraordenação), também é admissível, no limite, a identificação a título preventivo, como medida de polícia administrativa, e consequentemente, a detenção e condução do identificando ao posto policial para o efeito.
The present work focuses on the legal regime of people identification - identity control – foreseen in the Portuguese law, within the scope of police activities. Through this, we sought to solve a question which kept us long busy, as it generates much divergence in doctrine and jurisprudence, both in the criminal as in the administrative misdemeanours scope: under which circumstances and terms is it admissible for the police to identify people? To that end, since our emphasis is on the police activities (especially police in a material sense), firstly we will try to restrict it in relation to the other administrative activities, and then to investigate whether all acts of police consubstantiate the so-called police measures. However, in order to do so we also need to understand this concept and its implications. Once the symbiosis police and police measures is understood, we will scrutinize the legal nature of the demand for identification and its framing in the "world" of police acts, in order to analyse, specifically, the legal identification system provided by the Portuguese legal system, without disregarding a quick review over the French, Spanish and German legal frameworks. Finally, we will conclude by presenting a clear and precise answer to the question we have set out. As such, we will conclude that, in addition to cases of suspicion on reasonable grounds, situations in which anyone is about to commit or committing an offense (only a flagrant offense in case of ongoing misconduct), preventive identification is also admissible, as an administrative police measure, and therefore, detention and subsequent conveyance to the police station for such purpose.
The present work focuses on the legal regime of people identification - identity control – foreseen in the Portuguese law, within the scope of police activities. Through this, we sought to solve a question which kept us long busy, as it generates much divergence in doctrine and jurisprudence, both in the criminal as in the administrative misdemeanours scope: under which circumstances and terms is it admissible for the police to identify people? To that end, since our emphasis is on the police activities (especially police in a material sense), firstly we will try to restrict it in relation to the other administrative activities, and then to investigate whether all acts of police consubstantiate the so-called police measures. However, in order to do so we also need to understand this concept and its implications. Once the symbiosis police and police measures is understood, we will scrutinize the legal nature of the demand for identification and its framing in the "world" of police acts, in order to analyse, specifically, the legal identification system provided by the Portuguese legal system, without disregarding a quick review over the French, Spanish and German legal frameworks. Finally, we will conclude by presenting a clear and precise answer to the question we have set out. As such, we will conclude that, in addition to cases of suspicion on reasonable grounds, situations in which anyone is about to commit or committing an offense (only a flagrant offense in case of ongoing misconduct), preventive identification is also admissible, as an administrative police measure, and therefore, detention and subsequent conveyance to the police station for such purpose.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Direito administrativo Identificação Polícia administrativa Polícia judiciária Teses de mestrado - 2018