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Das impressões digitais às impressões de memória : efeito de perícia na memória episódica em inspetores da polícia judiciária
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O efeito de perícia na memória episódica é um tema central em Ciência Cognitiva. Estudos da Psicologia Cognitiva propõem que a superioridade da memória em peritos pode ser explicada pela existência de esquemas semânticos, i.e., estruturas de conhecimento nas quais novos eventos podem ser ancorados. Modelos computacionais no domínio da Inteligência Artificial sugerem que o superior desempenho pode resultar de um mecanismo alternativo, nomeadamente o mecanismo de chunking, em que elementos individuais são agrupados em memória num todo único e integrado, aumentando a capacidade de armazenamento da informação. Um investigador criminal, que trabalha diariamente e durante anos numa área criminal específica, tal como acontece com os inspetores da Polícia Judiciária (PJ), torna-se perito a investigar determinado tipo de crime. Este trabalho visou investigar a relação entre a capacidade de memória episódica (com enfoque na memória de item e de contexto) e as competências de perícia em crimes de cenário em inspetores da PJ comparativamente a um grupo de controlo. Durante a codificação, foram apresentados pares de objeto-local, associados a uma informação que indicava se o par dizia respeito a um crime violento ou a um evento não criminal, i.e., um encontro entre amigos. Os objetos podiam ser de crime ou comuns, e neste caso, congruentes ou incongruentes com o local. Durante a recuperação, os participantes tinham de decidir que objetos tinham sido apresentados antes (memória de item) e qual o local associado a cada objeto (memória de contexto). Os resultados demonstraram que os inspetores da PJ obtiveram um desempenho superior no reconhecimento de objetos de crime comparativamente ao grupo de controlo. Este desempenho superior observou-se em ambas as condições de informação (crime violento e encontro de amigos), indicando que a capacidade de recuperação de objetos de crime nestes profissionais não foi influenciada pelo tipo de informação fornecida. No grupo de controlo, a memória para o objeto foi superior quando a informação fornecida se referia a um crime violento do que a um encontro de amigos. Quanto à memória de contexto, nos inspetores da PJ, esta não foi influenciada pelo tipo de informação fornecida previamente. Já no grupo de controlo, a memória de contexto revelou-se pior quando a informação fornecida se referia a um crime violento (i.e., o padrão oposto ao da memória de item). Os resultados corroboram estudos da Psicologia Cognitiva que mostram que os peritos apresentam melhor desempenho de memória para material do seu domínio de perícia e que a congruência do evento promove o desempenho da memória episódica. Apoia também dados provenientes da Inteligência Artificial que propõem que a superioridade de memória do perito pode, em certas condições, estender-se a outros contextos, além dos da experiência prévia específica. Os resultados têm implicações teóricas para o estudo do efeito do conhecimento prévio na memória episódica. Apresentam também implicações práticas para o desenvolvimento de competências e estratégias formativas dos inspetores da PJ.
The effect of expertise on episodic memory has been a central topic in Cognitive Science. Cognitive Psychology studies propose that the superiority of memory in experts may be explained by the presence of semantic schemes, i.e., knowledge structures on which new events may be anchored. Computational models in the field of Artificial Intelligence suggest that this superiority may result from an alternative mechanism, notably the chunking mechanism, according to which single elements are grouped together and stored in memory as a coherent whole thus improving memory abilities. A criminal investigator, who works daily and for years in a specific criminal area, as is the case of Inspectors of the Polícia Judiciária (PJ), becomes an expert in investigating a particular type of crime. This project sought to investigate the relationship between episodic memory abilities (focusing on item memory and context memory) and the expertise in crime scene investigation of PJ inspectors comparing to a control group. During encoding, participants were presented with object-scene pairs, and with a cue indicating whether the pair was associated with a violent crime event or with a non-crime event, i.e., a meeting among friends. The objects were either crime objects or common objects, and in the latter case, either congruent or incongruent with the scene. During retrieval, participants had to decide which objects had been presented before (item memory) and which scene was associated to each object (context memory). The results showed that criminal inspectors had superior memory performance in the recognition of crime objects when compared to the control group. This improvement in performance was observed in both information conditions (violent crime and friends’ meeting), indicating that the ability to recover crime objects in these professionals was not influenced by the type of information provided. In the control group, item memory was greater when the information provided concerned a violent crime than a friends’ meeting. As for context memory, PJ inspectors were not influenced by the type of cue provided. For the control group, context memory was worse when the information concerned a violent crime (i.e., the opposite pattern to item memory). The findings are consistent with Cognitive Psychology studies that show that experts have better memory for material in their domain of expertise and that event congruency promotes episodic memory retrieval. It also supports studies in Artificial Intelligence, which propose that experts’ superior memory may under certain conditions extend to other contexts beyond previous specific experiences. The results have theoretical implications for the study of the effect of previous knowledge upon episodic memory. They also present practical significance for the development of skills and training strategies of PJ inspectors.
The effect of expertise on episodic memory has been a central topic in Cognitive Science. Cognitive Psychology studies propose that the superiority of memory in experts may be explained by the presence of semantic schemes, i.e., knowledge structures on which new events may be anchored. Computational models in the field of Artificial Intelligence suggest that this superiority may result from an alternative mechanism, notably the chunking mechanism, according to which single elements are grouped together and stored in memory as a coherent whole thus improving memory abilities. A criminal investigator, who works daily and for years in a specific criminal area, as is the case of Inspectors of the Polícia Judiciária (PJ), becomes an expert in investigating a particular type of crime. This project sought to investigate the relationship between episodic memory abilities (focusing on item memory and context memory) and the expertise in crime scene investigation of PJ inspectors comparing to a control group. During encoding, participants were presented with object-scene pairs, and with a cue indicating whether the pair was associated with a violent crime event or with a non-crime event, i.e., a meeting among friends. The objects were either crime objects or common objects, and in the latter case, either congruent or incongruent with the scene. During retrieval, participants had to decide which objects had been presented before (item memory) and which scene was associated to each object (context memory). The results showed that criminal inspectors had superior memory performance in the recognition of crime objects when compared to the control group. This improvement in performance was observed in both information conditions (violent crime and friends’ meeting), indicating that the ability to recover crime objects in these professionals was not influenced by the type of information provided. In the control group, item memory was greater when the information provided concerned a violent crime than a friends’ meeting. As for context memory, PJ inspectors were not influenced by the type of cue provided. For the control group, context memory was worse when the information concerned a violent crime (i.e., the opposite pattern to item memory). The findings are consistent with Cognitive Psychology studies that show that experts have better memory for material in their domain of expertise and that event congruency promotes episodic memory retrieval. It also supports studies in Artificial Intelligence, which propose that experts’ superior memory may under certain conditions extend to other contexts beyond previous specific experiences. The results have theoretical implications for the study of the effect of previous knowledge upon episodic memory. They also present practical significance for the development of skills and training strategies of PJ inspectors.
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Perícias Memória a curto prazo Semântica e psicologia Tratamento da informação no homem Criminalística Linguística cognitiva Teses de mestrado - 2017