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Paixões (des)construtivas : estudo acerca das bases filosóficas por detrás da crítica ao Estado no pensamento anarquista de Bakúnine
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Esta dissertação propõe analisar as bases filosóficas por detrás da crítica anarquista ao Estado feita pelo socialista revolucionário Mikhail Bakúnine.
Dentro deste âmbito, a tese que servirá como o filão subterrâneo de todo este processo será, portanto, que tal crítica encontra as suas condições de possibilidade não só no enquadramento social do século onde Bakúnine escrevia, como também nas grandes correntes de pensamento que habitavam essa era. Nesse sentido, a visão do Estado surge como tendo uma sofisticação poucas vezes associada ao anarquismo. Este objectivo será concretizável, discernindo assim os elementos inerentes ao aparato conceptual usado por Bakúnine, com recurso aos seguintes pontos agora discriminados.
Um primeiro momento será dedicado à compreensão da autoridade enquanto o elemento fundamental por detrás da organização social estatal. Para chegar ao seu cerne enquanto um fenómeno comunitário será preciso compreender tanto a leitura da alienação feita por Bakúnine, como o horizonte ontológico onde ele coloca esta. Por esta razão, este também será o local onde se explora o diálogo que Bakúnine estabelece com Feuerbach e com o positivismo de Auguste Comte.
Num segundo ponto, a categoria de negação concentrará a nossa atenção pois esta é vista como a chave que nos permite compreender a revolução detentora do potencial de transformação da sociedade. Dado o tema, também será alvo da dissertação abordar a relação que Bakúnine tinha com um dos seus mestres na filosofia, Hegel.
Como terceira, e última, secção deste estudo, teremos uma análise daquela sociedade que é projectada como alternativa ao Estado. Para este desígnio se concretizar, não só será necessário analisar a compreensão do federalismo por parte de Bakúnine, como é também preciso olhar para o papel que a classe operária terá no estabelecimento deste. Mais uma vez, dada a proximidade das problemáticas, será preciso referir outro dos interlocutores de Bakúnine, neste caso Proudhon.
This dissertation intends to analyze the philosophical basis behind the anarchist critic of the State made by the revolutionary socialist Mikhail Bakunin. In this scope, the thesis that will serve as the underground vein of all this process will be, therefore, that such critic not only finds its conditions of possibility in the social background where Bakunin wrote, but also in the great schools of thought that lived in that era. In this sense, the comprehension of the State appears with a complexity that is usually not associated with Anarchism. This objective will be made possible, thus discerning the elements of the conceptual apparatus used by Bakunin, by stopping in the following points. A first moment will be dedicated to the comprehension of authority as a fundamental element behind a society organized as a State. To arrive at its center as a community phenomenon, it will be necessary to comprehend not only the view of alienation made by Bakunin, but also the ontological horizon where he puts it. For this reason, this will also be the place where the dialogue that is made by Bakunin with Feuerbach and with the positivism of Auguste Comte will be explored. Arriving at a second point, the category of negation will concentrate our attention because it is seen as the key that allows us to understand the revolution that is really capable of transforming society. Given this, it will also be a topic of this dissertation the relation that Bakunin had with one of his philosophical masters, Hegel. As a third, and last, section of this study, we will have an analysis of that society that is envisioned as an alternative to the State. To make this intent possible it will be necessary to analyze the reading of federalism made by Bakunin and, according to his thought, the role that the working class would have in establishing this mode of social organization. Once again, due to the proximities of these themes, it will be necessary to approach another one of Bakunin’s interlocutors, in this case, Proudhon.
This dissertation intends to analyze the philosophical basis behind the anarchist critic of the State made by the revolutionary socialist Mikhail Bakunin. In this scope, the thesis that will serve as the underground vein of all this process will be, therefore, that such critic not only finds its conditions of possibility in the social background where Bakunin wrote, but also in the great schools of thought that lived in that era. In this sense, the comprehension of the State appears with a complexity that is usually not associated with Anarchism. This objective will be made possible, thus discerning the elements of the conceptual apparatus used by Bakunin, by stopping in the following points. A first moment will be dedicated to the comprehension of authority as a fundamental element behind a society organized as a State. To arrive at its center as a community phenomenon, it will be necessary to comprehend not only the view of alienation made by Bakunin, but also the ontological horizon where he puts it. For this reason, this will also be the place where the dialogue that is made by Bakunin with Feuerbach and with the positivism of Auguste Comte will be explored. Arriving at a second point, the category of negation will concentrate our attention because it is seen as the key that allows us to understand the revolution that is really capable of transforming society. Given this, it will also be a topic of this dissertation the relation that Bakunin had with one of his philosophical masters, Hegel. As a third, and last, section of this study, we will have an analysis of that society that is envisioned as an alternative to the State. To make this intent possible it will be necessary to analyze the reading of federalism made by Bakunin and, according to his thought, the role that the working class would have in establishing this mode of social organization. Once again, due to the proximities of these themes, it will be necessary to approach another one of Bakunin’s interlocutors, in this case, Proudhon.
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Bakunin, Mikhal Aleksandrovich, 1814-1876 - Pensamento político e social Anarquismo Estado Autoridade Federalismo Teses de mestrado - 2017