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Mudanças nos valores da conservação da natureza : uma análise discursiva da conservação da biodiversidade da mata atlântica
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A Floresta Atlântica Brasileira, a Mata Atlântica, está entre os biomas com maior diversidade biológica em todo o planeta, mas, tragicamente, um dos mais ameaçados. O que resta da floresta de outrora são apenas reminiscências. Os ciclos económicos, a “ferro e fogo”, desvaneceram a floresta, percurso marcado pela arrogância humana e sua desconsideração pelo mundo natural-não-humano. Apesar disso, o fascínio pela floresta sempre existiu, assim como o compromisso de conservá-la, que cresce cada dia mais. Não obstante, acompanhamos uma mudança nos valores da conservação, que transbordam-se da lógica da eficiência económica, levando a que os novos mecanismos e instrumentos políticos para a conservação afirmem convenientes ‘alianças’ com o chamado desenvolvimento. A natureza passa a ser preconizada enquanto ‘capital natural’ e ‘provedora de serviços ecossistémicos’ no novo discurso conservacionista. A transformação da natureza em mercadoria foi o mote para o desenvolvimento no Brasil, e continua a ser percebida enquanto mercadoria, igualmente subsumida às dinâmicas do mercado. Como se não bastasse a sua destruição materialmente acumulada em capital, também a sua conservação, paulatinamente, se condiciona ao desenvolvimentismo. O discurso dos serviços ecossistémicos tem-se tornado, nas últimas décadas, a tendência no âmbito da conservação e da sustentabilidade, influenciando a forma de se perceber a natureza e a forma de se pensar e fazer conservação. Este estudo apresenta uma análise do discurso dos serviços ecossistémicos enquanto premissa fundamental para a conservação da natureza e da biodiversidade, especialmente no contexto da Mata Atlântica. Não é apenas tal discurso que entra em questão, mas toda a estrutura que o precede e que o conceito desenrola, isto é, desde a articulação científica e económica que o fundamenta às apropriações do conceito engendrado no seio do neoliberalismo. Considerando a emergência dos instrumentos económicos para a conservação, os pagamentos por serviços ecossistémicos/ambientais (PSE/A) têm ganhado bastante visibilidade. De modo a perceber a sua operacionalização no contexto da Mata Atlântica, foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário, no âmbito deste estudo, direcionado para proponentes de iniciativas de PSE/A, para avaliar os impactos do instrumento. Com o questionário foi possível desvendar que os PSE/A, e os discursos sobre os quais se assentam, vêm provocando uma mudança nos valores da conservação. Uma mudança valorativa, discursiva, operacional e institucional. A conservação passa a se ajustar ao novo discurso dos serviços ecossistémicos e aos seus instrumentos, como os PSE/A, que também incorporam e são incorporados pela lógica de mercado e pela ideologia neoliberal. Grande parte dos que responderam ao questionário são organizações não-governamentais com larga experiência e expressão no âmbito da conservação no país, mas suas agendas se ajustam aos novos discursos e instrumentos, seja pela busca por novas fontes de financiamento, ou pela crença de que a linguagem económica seja necessária para se fazer conservação. As práticas, em si, mudam pouco: os PSE/A acabam por ser uma inovação e, ao mesmo tempo, um instrumento político que contribui para a continuidade de suas atividades. No entanto, as motivações, as estratégias e os instrumentos que conduzem a conservação começam a seguir outras linguagens. Os arranjos institucionais também começam a se alterar de modo a acomodar os PSE/A: normas, financiamentos, legislações, a ciência e até a moralidade começam a ser passíveis dessas mudanças. Notamos, entretanto, através das iniciativas analisadas, que os PSE/A revelaram potencialidades para a conservação da Mata Atlântica, contudo, devem ser utilizados com precaução, reconhecendo suas controvérsias e incertezas, buscando uma melhor compreensão sobre como o instrumento poderá ser benéfico ou mesmo nocivo para a conservação da natureza e da biodiversidade, para as pessoas que dela dependem diretamente para sobreviver e para a própria relação do ser humano com a natureza.
The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is among the most biologically diverse biomes on the planet, but tragically one of the most endangered. What remains of the forest of yesteryear are practically just reminiscences. The economic cycles, “with broadax and firebrand”, vanished the forest, a path traced by human arrogance and its disregard for the non-human natural world. Despite this, the concern for the forest has always existed, as has the commitment to preserve it, which is growing every day. At the same time, we are witnessing a shift in conservation values overflowed with economic and efficiency values, leading to new political mechanisms and instruments for conservation to claim convenient ‘alliances’ with the so called development. Nature has come to be seen as ‘natural capital’ and ‘services provider’ in the new conservation discourse. The transformation of nature into commodity was the motto for development in Brazil, and it continues to be perceived as a commodity, also subsumed to the dynamics of the market. Beyond the capital accumulation by the material devastation of nature, gradually, its conservation is conditioned to the developmentalism. The ecosystem services discourse has become, in the last decade, the foremost trend in conservation and sustainability field, influencing the way of perceiving nature and ways of thinking and doing conservation. This study presents an analysis of the ecosystem services discourse as a fundamental premise for the conservation of nature and biodiversity, especially, in the context of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The ecosystem services approach is not the only challenge analysed, but all the structure that precedes it, and the structure that the concept unfolds, that is, from the scientific and economic articulation that grounds it to the appropriations of the concept engendered within neoliberalism. Considering the emergence of economic instruments for conservation, payments for ecosystem (and environmental) services (PES) have gained considerable visibility. In order to understand its operationalization in the context of the Atlantic Forest, a questionnaire was designed and applied, in the context of this study, directed to proponents of PES initiatives, to evaluate the impacts of the instrument. With the questionnaire, it was possible to see that the PES, and the discourses on which they are based, have been promoting changes in conservation values: a value, discursive, operational and institutional change. Conservation is now in line with the new discourse of ecosystem services and its instruments, such as PES, which incorporate and are incorporated by market logic and neoliberal ideology. Most respondents to the questionnaire are nongovernmental organizations with wide experience and expression in the field of nature conservation, but their agendas adjust to the new discourses and instruments, either as a way to search for new sources of funding, or because of the belief that economic language is necessary for conservation. The NGO practices in themselves do not change much: PES turn out to be an innovation and, at the same time, a political instrument that will contribute to the continuity of their activities. However, the motivations, strategies, tools and instruments that drive conservation begin to follow other languages. Institutional arrangements also begin to change in order to accommodate the PES: norms, funding, legislation, science and even morality begin to be amenable to such changes. We note, however, through the initiatives analysed, that the PES revealed some positive potentials for Atlantic Forest conservation. Nevertheless, PES should be used with caution, recognizing their controversies and uncertainties, and seeking a better understanding of how the instrument could be beneficial or even harmful to the conservation of nature and biodiversity, to the people who depend directly on it to survive and for the very relationship of the human being with nature.
The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is among the most biologically diverse biomes on the planet, but tragically one of the most endangered. What remains of the forest of yesteryear are practically just reminiscences. The economic cycles, “with broadax and firebrand”, vanished the forest, a path traced by human arrogance and its disregard for the non-human natural world. Despite this, the concern for the forest has always existed, as has the commitment to preserve it, which is growing every day. At the same time, we are witnessing a shift in conservation values overflowed with economic and efficiency values, leading to new political mechanisms and instruments for conservation to claim convenient ‘alliances’ with the so called development. Nature has come to be seen as ‘natural capital’ and ‘services provider’ in the new conservation discourse. The transformation of nature into commodity was the motto for development in Brazil, and it continues to be perceived as a commodity, also subsumed to the dynamics of the market. Beyond the capital accumulation by the material devastation of nature, gradually, its conservation is conditioned to the developmentalism. The ecosystem services discourse has become, in the last decade, the foremost trend in conservation and sustainability field, influencing the way of perceiving nature and ways of thinking and doing conservation. This study presents an analysis of the ecosystem services discourse as a fundamental premise for the conservation of nature and biodiversity, especially, in the context of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The ecosystem services approach is not the only challenge analysed, but all the structure that precedes it, and the structure that the concept unfolds, that is, from the scientific and economic articulation that grounds it to the appropriations of the concept engendered within neoliberalism. Considering the emergence of economic instruments for conservation, payments for ecosystem (and environmental) services (PES) have gained considerable visibility. In order to understand its operationalization in the context of the Atlantic Forest, a questionnaire was designed and applied, in the context of this study, directed to proponents of PES initiatives, to evaluate the impacts of the instrument. With the questionnaire, it was possible to see that the PES, and the discourses on which they are based, have been promoting changes in conservation values: a value, discursive, operational and institutional change. Conservation is now in line with the new discourse of ecosystem services and its instruments, such as PES, which incorporate and are incorporated by market logic and neoliberal ideology. Most respondents to the questionnaire are nongovernmental organizations with wide experience and expression in the field of nature conservation, but their agendas adjust to the new discourses and instruments, either as a way to search for new sources of funding, or because of the belief that economic language is necessary for conservation. The NGO practices in themselves do not change much: PES turn out to be an innovation and, at the same time, a political instrument that will contribute to the continuity of their activities. However, the motivations, strategies, tools and instruments that drive conservation begin to follow other languages. Institutional arrangements also begin to change in order to accommodate the PES: norms, funding, legislation, science and even morality begin to be amenable to such changes. We note, however, through the initiatives analysed, that the PES revealed some positive potentials for Atlantic Forest conservation. Nevertheless, PES should be used with caution, recognizing their controversies and uncertainties, and seeking a better understanding of how the instrument could be beneficial or even harmful to the conservation of nature and biodiversity, to the people who depend directly on it to survive and for the very relationship of the human being with nature.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento, Alterações Climáticas e Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Ciências do Ambiente), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Faculdade de Letras, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Instituto Superior Técnico, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, 2017
Palavras-chave
Teses de doutoramento - 2017