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Super-audição : em busca do ouvido absoluto
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Resumo(s)
Ouvido absoluto é a capacidade de reconhecer e nomear a classe tonal de um estímulo auditivo sem necessidade de recurso a uma referência sonora, através de um processo neurofisiológico de criação de rótulos verbais associados às frequências. Este fenótipo cognitivo, extremamente raro na população em geral (0,01%), confere clara vantagem aos músicos que o possuem. A genética parece pesar menos no desenvolvimento desta capacidade do que a estimulação linguística e musical, pelo que se observam significativas diferenças na prevalência em diferentes populações, havendo mais indivíduos com ouvido absoluto em sociedades cuja língua e cultura musical apresentam uma forte vertente tonal absoluta. Parece também haver um período crítico de aprendizagem, em que a plasticidade neuronal permite desenvolver os rótulos verbais que caracterizam o ouvido absoluto, como sugere o aumento transversal da prevalência em indivíduos que começaram a estudar música até os 6 anos, não havendo casos registados de aquisição de ouvido absoluto na idade adulta. Contudo, estudos recentes apontam para a possibilidade de haver um grupo farmacológico capaz de reintroduzir a plasticidade neuronal e permitir a indivíduos adultos a aquisição de ouvido absoluto através do treino, os inibidores da desacetilase das histonas, nomeadamente o valproato.
Absolute pitch is the ability to recognize and name the tonal class of an auditory stimulus without the need of a sound reference, through a neurophysiologic process of verbal labeling of the sound frequencies. This extremely rare (0,01% of the population) cognitive phenotype represents a clear advantage to the musicians who possess it. Genetics seem to weigh less in the development of this ability than musical and linguistic stimulation, as there are significant differences in prevalence within different populations. Individuals with absolute pitch are more common in societies where language and musical culture hold stronger traits of absolute tonality. There also seems to be a critical learning period in which neural plasticity allows the establishment of the verbal labels that substantiate absolute pitch, which is supported by the transversal increase in prevalence among individuals who started music studies before age 6, while there are no official reports of absolute pitch acquisition in adults. However, recent studies propose that there is a pharmacological group, the histone deacetilase inhibitors, namely valproate, which might reopen the critical period by promoting neural plasticity, allowing the development of absolute pitch by adults through training.
Absolute pitch is the ability to recognize and name the tonal class of an auditory stimulus without the need of a sound reference, through a neurophysiologic process of verbal labeling of the sound frequencies. This extremely rare (0,01% of the population) cognitive phenotype represents a clear advantage to the musicians who possess it. Genetics seem to weigh less in the development of this ability than musical and linguistic stimulation, as there are significant differences in prevalence within different populations. Individuals with absolute pitch are more common in societies where language and musical culture hold stronger traits of absolute tonality. There also seems to be a critical learning period in which neural plasticity allows the establishment of the verbal labels that substantiate absolute pitch, which is supported by the transversal increase in prevalence among individuals who started music studies before age 6, while there are no official reports of absolute pitch acquisition in adults. However, recent studies propose that there is a pharmacological group, the histone deacetilase inhibitors, namely valproate, which might reopen the critical period by promoting neural plasticity, allowing the development of absolute pitch by adults through training.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2016
Palavras-chave
Ouvido Audição Otorrinolaringologia