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A extensão da plataforma continental: os desafios nacionais e o caso açoriano em específico
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A submissão da proposta de alargamento da Plataforma Continental de Portugal além das 200 milhas marítimas, foi submetida a 11 de maio de 2009 à Comissão de Limites da Plataforma Continental das Nações Unidas. Esta possibilidade encontra-se na Convenção das Nações Unidas para o Direito do Mar de 1982 (CNUDM), no seu artigo 76º, que criou as condições sob as quais os Estados costeiros conseguiriam reivindicar a extensão da sua área de jurisdição marítima. Portugal ratificou a CNUDM em 1997 e iniciou, então, o seu extenso processo de candidatura – cuja decisão se aguarda até 2016 –, e que pode vir a aumentar a Plataforma Continental do país, tornando-a numa das maiores e mais importantes do mundo.
A CNUDM definiu que o Estado costeiro exerce sobre a Plataforma Continental de soberania, com o propósito de explorá-la e de explorar os seus recursos naturais, pelo que o renovado interesse dos Estados em relação à Plataforma Continental, além de estratégico, prende-se essencialmente com os muitos recursos que esta encerra.
A Plataforma Continental portuguesa não é excepção e desde a submissão do pedido de extensão em 2009 alguns foram os avanços, a nível nacional.
Com este estudo pretendeu-se fazer uma introdução ao estudo da Plataforma Continental, com especial enfoque no caso português, em geral, e no açoriano, em particular.
Para tanto é, em primeiro lugar, realizada uma sucinta resenha sobre o aparecimento do conceito de Plataforma Continental no âmbito do Direito do Mar, nomeadamente desde a proclamação de Truman, momento chave para o nascimento do conceito jurídico de Plataforma Continental, até à sua integração no âmbito das Nações Unidas, através da Convenção de Montego Bay. Seguidamente, passaremos a delimitar a Plataforma Continental, frisando ainda os poderes dos Estados costeiros e a delimitação entre Estados com costas adjacentes ou situadas frente a frente.
Depois, devido à importância e dificuldade do mesmo, faz-se um especial destaque ao artigo 76.º da Convenção de Montego Bay e aos problemas de interpretação que do mesmo decorrem.
Num terceiro momento, trataremos do problema do alargamento da Plataforma Continental além das 200 milhas. Neste âmbito apresentamos a Comissão de Limites e o procedimento de validação. Depois, enunciam-se alguns exemplos paradigmáticos de submissões já apresentadas. Por fim, falamos, resumidamente, da perspectiva da União Europeia.
Finalmente tratar-se-á da questão portuguesa, analisando-se a submissão realizada pelo Estado português para alargamento da Plataforma Continental além das 200 milhas marítimas, a Lei de Bases da política de ordenamento e gestão do espaço marítimo nacional, o caso açoriano e a questão respeitante ao estatuto das ilhas selvagens.
The Portuguese submission of the proposal to extend its continental shelf, beyond 200 nautical miles, was exposed May 11th, 2009 to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf of the United Nations. This possibility is in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), in its Article 76, which created the conditions under which coastal states be able to claim the extent of its area of maritime jurisdiction. Portugal ratified the UNCLOS in 1997 and then began its extensive application process – whose decision is expected by 2016 – and that could increase the continental shelf of the country, making it one of the largest and most important in the world. UNCLOS defines the coastal State exercises sovereign rights over the continental shelf for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources, so the renewed interest of States regarding the continental shelf mainly concerns its natural resources. The Portuguese continental shelf is no exception. And since the 2009 submition, there’s a lot to take note, regarding national developments. For this is, first, we designed a brief review about the emergence of the concept of regarding the Continental Shelf under the Sea Law, particularly since the Truman Proclamation, key moment of to the birth of the legal concept of the Continental Shelf, through the Montego Bay Convention. Thereafter, we’ll delimit the Continental Shelf concept, still emphasizing the powers of coastal States and the delimitation between States with opposite or adjacent coasts forward. Then, because of the importance and difficulty of the subject, there’s a strong emphasis on Article 76 of UNCLOS and the problems of interpretation concerning that article. Thirdly, we tackle the problem of enlargement of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 miles. In this context we addressed the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and the validation procedure. Then we described some paradigmatic examples of submissions already presented. Finally, we talked briefly of the perspective regarding the European Union. Finally we’ll explore the Portuguese subject, analyzing the submission made by the Portuguese State to extend its Continental Shelf beyond 200 maritime miles, the law on planning and management of the national maritime policy space, the Azorean case and the question of definition regarding the status of the “Ilhas Selvagens”.
The Portuguese submission of the proposal to extend its continental shelf, beyond 200 nautical miles, was exposed May 11th, 2009 to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf of the United Nations. This possibility is in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), in its Article 76, which created the conditions under which coastal states be able to claim the extent of its area of maritime jurisdiction. Portugal ratified the UNCLOS in 1997 and then began its extensive application process – whose decision is expected by 2016 – and that could increase the continental shelf of the country, making it one of the largest and most important in the world. UNCLOS defines the coastal State exercises sovereign rights over the continental shelf for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources, so the renewed interest of States regarding the continental shelf mainly concerns its natural resources. The Portuguese continental shelf is no exception. And since the 2009 submition, there’s a lot to take note, regarding national developments. For this is, first, we designed a brief review about the emergence of the concept of regarding the Continental Shelf under the Sea Law, particularly since the Truman Proclamation, key moment of to the birth of the legal concept of the Continental Shelf, through the Montego Bay Convention. Thereafter, we’ll delimit the Continental Shelf concept, still emphasizing the powers of coastal States and the delimitation between States with opposite or adjacent coasts forward. Then, because of the importance and difficulty of the subject, there’s a strong emphasis on Article 76 of UNCLOS and the problems of interpretation concerning that article. Thirdly, we tackle the problem of enlargement of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 miles. In this context we addressed the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and the validation procedure. Then we described some paradigmatic examples of submissions already presented. Finally, we talked briefly of the perspective regarding the European Union. Finally we’ll explore the Portuguese subject, analyzing the submission made by the Portuguese State to extend its Continental Shelf beyond 200 maritime miles, the law on planning and management of the national maritime policy space, the Azorean case and the question of definition regarding the status of the “Ilhas Selvagens”.
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Direito internacional Plataforma continental Portugal Teses de mestrado - 2015