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A lira clássica do trovador romântico : representações poéticas da antiguidade greco-romana no romantismo literário português
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A partir da dilucidação de termos como “influência”, “tradição” e de “clássico”, este ensaio investiga a presença de temas ou motivos clássicos na literatura portuguesa com privilégio de textos poéticos e de natureza metapoética (sem se ignorarem outras formas de discurso), num espectro cronológico situado entre 1825 e a década de 1880, considerando embora alguns testemunhos anteriores e posteriores. Apesar de contrariar princípios programáticos do Romantismo, em Portugal, manteve- -se uma austera defesa dos clássicos (antigos e nacionais), onde ecoariam ainda as vozes da Querela dos Antigos e dos Modernos: os fundamentos clássicos de decoro, de disciplina formal, do respeito pela razão e por modelos (que devem ser imitados) e o controlo dos arroubos da fantasia continuam a ser válidos, ao mesmo tempo que, em literatura, se defende um processo criativo autêntico e nacional. No século XIX, o ensino, as obras de referência, diversos textos de divulgação e as traduções colaboraram na disseminação do conhecimento sobre a Antiguidade Clássica. Ao estudo do latim e do grego não parece estar subjacente uma pedagogia humanística, mas antes uma inculcação de valores morais e éticos, ao mesmo tempo que se acumulam resistências quanto à validade deste tipo de disciplinas em período de fomento económico e modernização. Enquanto corpo teórico sobre poética e o fazer literário, a Antiguidade determina ainda a doutrinação de princípios estéticos, servindo de referência e autoridade. Por isso, se em escritores antigos se surpreendem atitudes e valores estéticos típicos do Romantismo, em textos doutrinários ou programáticos de autores românticos portugueses este quadro conceptual não é significativamente alterado: admite-se que a poesia (poder que encanta, eleva, convence, celebra, comove e supera a morte) nasce da aliança do ingenium com a ars, assenta no renovar do efeito de estranhamento, sendo tributária de um sujeito genial, promotor da originalidade, divino e estranho à vulgaridade. No entanto, será a recorrência a motivos clássicos que contribui mais claramente para demonstrar como a literatura portuguesa reviu e recriou a Antiguidade: analisaram-se textos poéticos que tematizam questões políticas, personalidades históricas e heróis mitológicos gregos e romanos, que surgem actualizados e adaptados a uma sensibilidade de natureza romântica. Este estudo fundamentou, assim, a ideia de que os autores clássicos, as suas obras, as suas personagens, a sua cultura literária e a sua poética estiveram em constante debate durante todo o período romântico em Portugal.
Starting by explaining terminology such as “influence”, “tradition” and “classic”, this dissertation focuses on the presence of classical themes and motifs in Portuguese literature, with particular emphasis given to poetic and metapoetic texts published between 1825 and the 1880s. Whenever relevant, other forms of poetic speech as well as other evidence from previous or later years will also be taken into consideration. Despite the contradiction of Romantic programmatic principles in Portugal, an austere defence of ancient and national classics has been maintained, in which the voices of the French Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes still echo. In fact, elements such as classical decorum, formal discipline, respect for reason and for models (which have to be imitated) and rapture of the imagination remain. At the same time, an authentic and national literary project is vindicated. In the 19th century, formal education, some reference works and multiple periodic papers collaborated to disseminate knowledge on Classical Antiquity. However, Latin and Greek studies do not seem to be based on any kind of humanistic pedagogy. Instead, they depend both on moral and ethical values. Simultaneously, they have been the centre of a certain resistance which has questioned the value of these subjects in times of modernization and economic growth. Understood as a coherent theory on poetics and literary performance, Antiquity settles doctrinal aesthetic principles, regarded as authoritative and referential. Therefore, if typical Romantic manners and aesthetic values can be found in ancient writers, such conceptual grounds are not meaningfully modified by Portuguese authors in their theoretical and programmatic writings. Poetry (the power which enchants, elevates, convinces, celebrates, moves, and surpasses death) derives from the combination of ingenium with ars. It is also the effect of the continuous renewal of defamiliarization, as it is the result of a great talent, a divine agent far from vulgarity, who promotes originality. However, it is the thematic elaboration of classical themes that more clearly shows how Portuguese literature reviewed and recreated Antiquity. In this sense, we have analysed poetic texts which reflect on Greek and Roman political questions, historical figures, and mythological heroes, newly adapted to Romantic sensibility. This dissertation thus aims at promoting the idea that classical authors, their works, their characters, their literary culture, and their poetics were always in debate during the Romantic period in Portugal.
Starting by explaining terminology such as “influence”, “tradition” and “classic”, this dissertation focuses on the presence of classical themes and motifs in Portuguese literature, with particular emphasis given to poetic and metapoetic texts published between 1825 and the 1880s. Whenever relevant, other forms of poetic speech as well as other evidence from previous or later years will also be taken into consideration. Despite the contradiction of Romantic programmatic principles in Portugal, an austere defence of ancient and national classics has been maintained, in which the voices of the French Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes still echo. In fact, elements such as classical decorum, formal discipline, respect for reason and for models (which have to be imitated) and rapture of the imagination remain. At the same time, an authentic and national literary project is vindicated. In the 19th century, formal education, some reference works and multiple periodic papers collaborated to disseminate knowledge on Classical Antiquity. However, Latin and Greek studies do not seem to be based on any kind of humanistic pedagogy. Instead, they depend both on moral and ethical values. Simultaneously, they have been the centre of a certain resistance which has questioned the value of these subjects in times of modernization and economic growth. Understood as a coherent theory on poetics and literary performance, Antiquity settles doctrinal aesthetic principles, regarded as authoritative and referential. Therefore, if typical Romantic manners and aesthetic values can be found in ancient writers, such conceptual grounds are not meaningfully modified by Portuguese authors in their theoretical and programmatic writings. Poetry (the power which enchants, elevates, convinces, celebrates, moves, and surpasses death) derives from the combination of ingenium with ars. It is also the effect of the continuous renewal of defamiliarization, as it is the result of a great talent, a divine agent far from vulgarity, who promotes originality. However, it is the thematic elaboration of classical themes that more clearly shows how Portuguese literature reviewed and recreated Antiquity. In this sense, we have analysed poetic texts which reflect on Greek and Roman political questions, historical figures, and mythological heroes, newly adapted to Romantic sensibility. This dissertation thus aims at promoting the idea that classical authors, their works, their characters, their literary culture, and their poetics were always in debate during the Romantic period in Portugal.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento, Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura (Estudos Portugueses), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014
Palavras-chave
Teses de doutoramento - 2014