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Evidência neurobiológica do conceito de food addiction : o papel da dopamina
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Resumo(s)
Nas últimas cinco décadas, a oferta de alimentos mudou drasticamente, com os ultraprocessados (UP) a tornar-se a principal fonte de calorias disponibilizada. Estes alimentos, mais baratos, convenientes e fortemente comercializados, contribuíram para o aumento significativo da obesidade e doenças relacionadas a ela.
O conceito de Food Addiction (FA) descreve comportamentos relacionados ao consumo excessivo de alimentos com alta palatabilidade e teor calórico. A FA é reconhecida como uma condição crónica influenciada por uma interação complexa de variáveis que aumentam o desejo por certos alimentos, compartilhando semelhanças com perturbações do uso de substâncias. No entanto, não há consenso claro sobre sua definição e diagnóstico no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Perturbações Mentais (DSM-5).
Considerando que a literatura sobre os alimentos UP e as drogas de abuso revela que ambas parecem ativar os mesmos circuitos de recompensa cerebral, esta revisão pretende avaliar a investigação disponível sobre o circuito de recompensa dopaminérgica associado ao conceito de food addiction.
Os dados recolhidos neste trabalho contribuem para validar, do ponto de vista neurobiológico, o conceito de "food addiction" como uma forma de adição, similar às drogas de abuso. Com estes resultados, novas abordagens a estes doentes podem ser delineadas, bem como novas formas de tratamento instituídas, de forma a combater a morbilidade e mortalidade associadas à FA
In the last five decades, the availability of food has drastically changed, with ultraprocessed (UP) foods becoming the primary source of available calories. These foods, being cheaper, more convenient, and heavily marketed, have contributed to a significant increase in obesity and related diseases. The concept of Food Addiction (FA) describes behaviors related to the excessive consumption of highly palatable and caloric foods. FA is recognized as a chronic condition influenced by a complex interaction of variables that increase the craving for certain foods, sharing similarities with substance use disorders. However, there is no clear consensus on its definition and diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Considering that the literature on UP foods and drugs of abuse reveals that both seem to activate the same brain reward circuits, this review aims to evaluate the available research on the dopaminergic reward circuit associated with the concept of food addiction. The data collected in this work contribute to validating, from a neurobiological perspective, the concept of "food addiction" as a form of addiction similar to substance abuse. With these results, new approaches to these patients can be delineated, and new forms of treatment instituted, to combat the morbidity and mortality associated with FA.
In the last five decades, the availability of food has drastically changed, with ultraprocessed (UP) foods becoming the primary source of available calories. These foods, being cheaper, more convenient, and heavily marketed, have contributed to a significant increase in obesity and related diseases. The concept of Food Addiction (FA) describes behaviors related to the excessive consumption of highly palatable and caloric foods. FA is recognized as a chronic condition influenced by a complex interaction of variables that increase the craving for certain foods, sharing similarities with substance use disorders. However, there is no clear consensus on its definition and diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Considering that the literature on UP foods and drugs of abuse reveals that both seem to activate the same brain reward circuits, this review aims to evaluate the available research on the dopaminergic reward circuit associated with the concept of food addiction. The data collected in this work contribute to validating, from a neurobiological perspective, the concept of "food addiction" as a form of addiction similar to substance abuse. With these results, new approaches to these patients can be delineated, and new forms of treatment instituted, to combat the morbidity and mortality associated with FA.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2024
Palavras-chave
Adição alimentar Transtorno por uso de substâncias Abuso do uso de substâncias Evidência Validade