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A responsabilidade dos chefes militares e outros superiores no código penal internacional alemão - VSTGB
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A presente dissertação examina tema relativamente novo no ordenamento jurídico internacional: a Responsabilidade de Comando (Commander Responsibility). Prevista inicialmente no Estatuto de Roma, diploma que entrou em vigor a partir de 2002, foi internalizada no ordenamento jurídico germânico, com a promulgação do Código Penal Internacional alemão, o Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB), vigente a partir de 2002. O instituto da Responsabilidade de Comando ainda é pouco explorado pela doutrina em razão da implementação recente desses diplomas, o que faz suscitar variadas discussões no cenário jurídico internacional. O trabalho também examina as questões da Jurisdição Universal, assunto intrinsicamente relacionado com a responsabilidade dos superiores, pois a persecução criminal de chefes militares e civis podem ser levadas tanto ao Tribunal Penal Internacional como aos tribunais de países terceiros. As inquietações (justificativa) que baseam a investigação são as seguintes: i) verificar como está definida a responsabilidade dos chefes militares e outros superiores no Código Penal Internacional alemão e no Estatuto de Roma, analisando as diferenças normativas; ii) examinar possíveis avanços e/ou aprimoramento do tema na positivação do ordenamento alemão, em contraponto com o Estatuto do TPI; iii) analisar como os dois diplomas tratam da Jurisdição Universal nos casos da responsabilidade de comando. Para o desiderato da investigação, utilizamos metodologia baseada no exame de normas relacionadas ao tema, especialmente o Estatuto de Roma e o Código Penal Internacional alemão, pesquisa bibliográfica e exame de casos concretos (precedentes), a exemplo do case Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, julgado pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional. O precedente Bemba é emblemático, pois o primeiro enfrentado pelas duas instâncias da Corte Penal Internacional, com enfoque na responsabilidade de comando. O tema é abrangente, motivo pelo qual não temos pretensão de esgotar a discussão; todavia, o debate é atual e pode delinear parâmetros para outros ordenamentos, como o brasileiro, que ainda não editou norma para internalizar e adequar o seu sistema penal nesse ponto. O atual cenário geopolítico mundial, que vivencia novos conflitos armados na Europa e Oriente Médio, também denota a importância do assunto. Uma observação de cariz terminológico: com o advento do Estatuto de Roma, a doutrina passou a utilizar a expressão responsabilidade do superior, a abranger tanto os chefes militares quanto civis. A pesquisa utiliza ambas terminologias como sinônimas, numa acepção geral do termo.
This dissertation examines a relatively new topic in the international legal system: Commander Responsibility. Initially provided for in the Rome Statute, a diploma that came into force in 2002, it was internalized in the German legal system, with the promulgation of the German International Penal Code, the Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB), in force in 2002. The Institute of Responsibility for Command is still little explored by doctrine due to the recent implementation of these diplomas, which raises varied discussions in the international legal scenario. The work also examines issues of Universal Jurisdiction, a subject intrinsically related to the responsibility of superiors, as the criminal prosecution of military and civilian leaders can be taken both to the International Criminal Court and to the courts of third countries. The concerns (justification) that underlie the investigation are the following: i) verify how the responsibility of military leaders and other superiors is defined in the German International Penal Code and the Rome Statute, analyzing the normative differences; ii) examine possible advances and/or improvement of the topic in the positiveization of the German legal system, in contrast to the ICC Statute; iii) analyze how the two diplomas deal with Universal Jurisdiction in cases of command responsibility. For the purpose of the investigation, we used a methodology based on the examination of norms related to the topic, especially the Rome Statute and the German International Penal Code, bibliographical research and examination of concrete cases (precedents), such as the case Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, tried by the International Criminal Court. The Bemba precedent is emblematic, as it was the first faced by both instances of the International Criminal Court, focusing on command responsibility. The topic is comprehensive, which is why we do not intend to exhaust the discussion; however, the debate is current and can outline parameters for other legal systems, such as the Brazilian one, which has not yet published a standard to internalize and adapt its penal system on this point. The current global geopolitical scenario, which is experiencing new armed conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, also denotes the importance of the issue. An observation of a terminological nature: with the advent of the Rome Statute, the doctrine began to use the expression responsibility of the superior, covering both military and civilian leaders. The research uses both terminologies as synonyms, in a general sense of the term.
This dissertation examines a relatively new topic in the international legal system: Commander Responsibility. Initially provided for in the Rome Statute, a diploma that came into force in 2002, it was internalized in the German legal system, with the promulgation of the German International Penal Code, the Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB), in force in 2002. The Institute of Responsibility for Command is still little explored by doctrine due to the recent implementation of these diplomas, which raises varied discussions in the international legal scenario. The work also examines issues of Universal Jurisdiction, a subject intrinsically related to the responsibility of superiors, as the criminal prosecution of military and civilian leaders can be taken both to the International Criminal Court and to the courts of third countries. The concerns (justification) that underlie the investigation are the following: i) verify how the responsibility of military leaders and other superiors is defined in the German International Penal Code and the Rome Statute, analyzing the normative differences; ii) examine possible advances and/or improvement of the topic in the positiveization of the German legal system, in contrast to the ICC Statute; iii) analyze how the two diplomas deal with Universal Jurisdiction in cases of command responsibility. For the purpose of the investigation, we used a methodology based on the examination of norms related to the topic, especially the Rome Statute and the German International Penal Code, bibliographical research and examination of concrete cases (precedents), such as the case Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, tried by the International Criminal Court. The Bemba precedent is emblematic, as it was the first faced by both instances of the International Criminal Court, focusing on command responsibility. The topic is comprehensive, which is why we do not intend to exhaust the discussion; however, the debate is current and can outline parameters for other legal systems, such as the Brazilian one, which has not yet published a standard to internalize and adapt its penal system on this point. The current global geopolitical scenario, which is experiencing new armed conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, also denotes the importance of the issue. An observation of a terminological nature: with the advent of the Rome Statute, the doctrine began to use the expression responsibility of the superior, covering both military and civilian leaders. The research uses both terminologies as synonyms, in a general sense of the term.
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Direito penal internacional Estatuto de Roma Crimes de guerra Tribunal Penal Internacional Teses de mestrado - 2025 International criminal law Rome statute War crimes International Criminal Court