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O desenvolvimento da teoria da probabilidade e a sua relação com os jogos de azar
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O objetivo deste documento de tese passa por estabelecer uma ligação entre o nascimento da Teoria da Probabilidade e os jogos de azar. Mas não serão apenas mencionados jogos de azar: serão igualmente estudados jogos como o Rithmomachia ou o Jogo Algébrico de Berkeley. Esta abordagem torna-se necessária pois os jogos não acontecem isolados de uma realidade cultural, social e histórica – percorrem séculos de civilização humana, estabelecendo relações que não podem ignoradas.
No final desta tese, será possível compreender que o ser humano, dotado de racionalidade, inteligência e perspicácia, se apercebeu que os jogos podiam constituir um campo de aprendizagem para tarefas tão distintas como enfrentar inimigos em batalhas, aprender técnicas de cálculo ou desenvolver comportamentos virtuosos.
Neste trabalho será ainda analisado o primeiro jogo cujas regras estão bibliograficamente documentadas, Ludus Regularis, desfazendo alguns dos mitos que o rodeiam. É também de destacar o estudo pormenorizado do tratado Liber de Ludo Aleae, de Cardano, e a análise do Jogo Algébrico de Berkeley.
O aleatório fora do ambiente dos jogos foi também abordado neste documento. A sua origem milenar em diferentes geografias do globo terrestre permitiu o contacto com os deuses – essa dimensão superior que “religa” o ser humano ao transcendente. Cedo se percebeu que o aleatório também poderia ser um método para alcançar a justiça e a igualdade a nível terreno, tal como acontecia na Grécia Antiga, aquando da seleção de altos funcionários num estado democrático.
No século XVI, Girolamo Cardano aponta o foco para a Probabilidade. Não esteve sozinho: muitos génios da Ciência e da Matemática o acompanharam. E se a viagem até aqui levou alguns milénios, em poucas décadas vimos estabelecer-se a Teoria da Probabilidade. A mesma que hoje é considerada indispensável à vida na sociedade ocidental.
The aim of this thesis is to establish a link between the birth of probability theory and games of chance. However, other games will also be analysed, namely games such as Rithmomachia and Berkeley's Algebraic Game. The reason for this is that games do not occur in an isolated cultural, social, and historical reality - they span centuries of human civilisation and certain connections that cannot be ignored. By the end of this thesis, we'll have an understanding of how human beings, endowed with rationality, intelligence and insight, realised that games could be a learning ground for tasks as diverse as facing enemies in battle, learning calculating techniques, or developing virtuous behaviour. This study will also look at the first game whose rules are bibliographically documented, Ludus Regularis, dispelling some of the myths surrounding it. Other highlights include a detailed study of Cardano's treatise Liber de Ludo Aleae and an analysis of Berkeley's Algebraic Game. Chance outside the gaming environment has also been a subject of careful observation in this thesis. Its millenary origins in different geographies of the globe made it possible to make contact with the gods—that higher dimension that ‘connects’ human beings to the transcendent. It soon became clear that chance could also be a method for achieving justice and equality on an earthly level, just as it was in Ancient Greece when high officials were selected in a democratic state. Back in the 16th century, Girolamo Cardano turned his focus towards probability. He didn't stand alone - he was followed by many scientific and mathematical geniuses. And if the journey to this point took many millennia, in just a few decades we witnessed the foundation of the probability theory. The same theory that is considered essential to today’s Western society.
The aim of this thesis is to establish a link between the birth of probability theory and games of chance. However, other games will also be analysed, namely games such as Rithmomachia and Berkeley's Algebraic Game. The reason for this is that games do not occur in an isolated cultural, social, and historical reality - they span centuries of human civilisation and certain connections that cannot be ignored. By the end of this thesis, we'll have an understanding of how human beings, endowed with rationality, intelligence and insight, realised that games could be a learning ground for tasks as diverse as facing enemies in battle, learning calculating techniques, or developing virtuous behaviour. This study will also look at the first game whose rules are bibliographically documented, Ludus Regularis, dispelling some of the myths surrounding it. Other highlights include a detailed study of Cardano's treatise Liber de Ludo Aleae and an analysis of Berkeley's Algebraic Game. Chance outside the gaming environment has also been a subject of careful observation in this thesis. Its millenary origins in different geographies of the globe made it possible to make contact with the gods—that higher dimension that ‘connects’ human beings to the transcendent. It soon became clear that chance could also be a method for achieving justice and equality on an earthly level, just as it was in Ancient Greece when high officials were selected in a democratic state. Back in the 16th century, Girolamo Cardano turned his focus towards probability. He didn't stand alone - he was followed by many scientific and mathematical geniuses. And if the journey to this point took many millennia, in just a few decades we witnessed the foundation of the probability theory. The same theory that is considered essential to today’s Western society.
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aleatoriedade cultura Ludus regularis De ludo algebraico nascimento da probabilidade randomness culture emergence of probability