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Do direito real de habitação duradoura
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Em 2020, o XXI Governo Constitucional criou, pela entrada em vigor do Decreto-Lei n.º 1/2020, de 9 de janeiro, o Direito Real de Habitação Duradoura. A sua criação traduziu-se numa novidade significativa no panorama dos Direitos Reais, e quebrou a tendência num ramo do Direito que se tem caracterizado por uma quase total imutabilidade e estabilidade. O elenco destes direitos foi-se mantendo cristalizado e inalterado por décadas, realidade essa agora invertida.
A presente dissertação pretende estudar o surgimento e o regime deste novo direito real, que permite a um morador o gozo de uma habitação alheia, tornando-a sua residência permanente por um período vitalício. Importa, ainda, compará-lo com figuras jurídicas semelhantes.
A aquisição de habitação própria e o arrendamento urbano são instrumentos que têm apresentado dificuldades em garantir a efetividade prática do direito constitucional à habitação, pelo que se revela imperativo o surgimento de novas políticas em seu auxílio. Entendeu o legislador que a solução passaria pelo campo dos Direitos Reais.
Os direitos reais podem, de facto, ser funcionalizados para que se cumpra o direito à habitação. Não existirão, contudo, outros institutos, neste e noutros ramos, que dispensem da criação do DHD?
Não podemos afirmar, em termos absolutos, a dispensabilidade do direito real de habitação duradoura, pois apresenta particularidades que poderão cativar quer o proprietário quer o morador. Ainda assim, atrevemo-nos a dizer que os aspetos negativos empurram as vantagens que possa ter para um segundo plano. Fica a nossa conclusão de que é um direito real de gozo frágil, bastante dependente da relação obrigacional que o institui e que, tendo em conta a finalidade para o qual foi criado, outros direitos, mais bem promovidos, assegurariam de forma idêntica os mesmos resultados. A sua aplicabilidade prática tem sido extremamente reduzida, o que é demonstrativo de que pouco ou nada acrescentou à ordem jurídica.
In 2020, the XXI Constitutional Government created, through the entry into force of Decree-Law no. 1/2020, of January 9, the Real Right to Durable Housing. Its creation represented a significant novelty in the panorama of Real Rights and broke the trend of a branch of Law that has been characterized by almost total immutability and stability. The list of these rights had remained crystallized and unchanged for decades, a reality that is now reversed. This dissertation aims to study the emergence and the legal regime of this new real right – that allows a resident to enjoy the use of someone else's housing, making it their permanent residence for a lifetime period –, and also comparing it to similar legal figures. The acquisition of own housing and urban lease are instruments that have faced difficulties in ensuring the practical effectiveness of the constitutionally protected right to housing, making it imperative to introduce new policies to assist in this regard. The legislator believed that the solution would lie in the field of Real Rights. Real rights can indeed be functionalized to fulfill the right to housing. However, are there no other institutes that could dispense the creation of the Real Right to Durable Housing? We cannot assert, in absolute terms, the dispensability of the right of durable housing, as it presents features that may appeal to both the owner and the occupant. Nevertheless, we dare say that the negative aspects outweigh the advantages it may have, pushing them into the background. Our conclusion is that it is a fragile real right of enjoyment, highly dependent on the obligational relationship that institutes it and, given the purpose for which it was created, other rights, more effectively promoted, would ensure identical results. Its practical applicability has been extremely limited, demonstrating that it has added little or nothing to the legal order.
In 2020, the XXI Constitutional Government created, through the entry into force of Decree-Law no. 1/2020, of January 9, the Real Right to Durable Housing. Its creation represented a significant novelty in the panorama of Real Rights and broke the trend of a branch of Law that has been characterized by almost total immutability and stability. The list of these rights had remained crystallized and unchanged for decades, a reality that is now reversed. This dissertation aims to study the emergence and the legal regime of this new real right – that allows a resident to enjoy the use of someone else's housing, making it their permanent residence for a lifetime period –, and also comparing it to similar legal figures. The acquisition of own housing and urban lease are instruments that have faced difficulties in ensuring the practical effectiveness of the constitutionally protected right to housing, making it imperative to introduce new policies to assist in this regard. The legislator believed that the solution would lie in the field of Real Rights. Real rights can indeed be functionalized to fulfill the right to housing. However, are there no other institutes that could dispense the creation of the Real Right to Durable Housing? We cannot assert, in absolute terms, the dispensability of the right of durable housing, as it presents features that may appeal to both the owner and the occupant. Nevertheless, we dare say that the negative aspects outweigh the advantages it may have, pushing them into the background. Our conclusion is that it is a fragile real right of enjoyment, highly dependent on the obligational relationship that institutes it and, given the purpose for which it was created, other rights, more effectively promoted, would ensure identical results. Its practical applicability has been extremely limited, demonstrating that it has added little or nothing to the legal order.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Direitos reais Direito à habitação Usufruto Arrendamento Teses de mestrado - 2024 Real Rights Right to housing Usufruct Lease