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Abstract(s)
Esta investigação etnográfica procura analisar o universo social e laboral dos casinos em
Portugal, debruçando-se, em particular, sobre três principais objectivos: a análise das
relações estruturais entre capital, Estado e trabalho, bem como das interacções quotidianas
entre trabalhadores, chefias e restantes estruturas organizacionais; a investigação das
relações entre trabalhadores e jogadores; e a averiguação das relações entre trabalhadores
de diferentes categorias profissionais. Neste sentido, foram aplicadas as seguintes técnicas
de investigação: em primeiro lugar, realizei observação participante em três momentos
distintos, tendo participado como jogador, trabalhador e aluno no universo social e laboral
de dois casinos em Portugal; de seguida, apliquei 46 entrevistas semi-estruturadas a diversos
profissionais da indústria do jogo nacional; por fim, realizei uma pesquisa documental
relativa à história do movimento sindical no sector do jogo. Articulando Marx, Weber e
Bourdieu, esta tese trata o universo laboral dos casinos como um “campo social”, isto é,
como um espaço dinamizado por agentes hierarquicamente posicionados que competem
entre si pela apropriação dos diferentes tipos de capital (económico, social, cultural e
simbólico) e, consequentemente, pela imposição do “sentido de jogo” e dos “habitus”
sociais mais ajustados aos seus interesses particulares. Os trabalhadores deste sector,
apesar de ocuparem uma posição de subordinação estrutural no confronto com o Estado e o
capital, incorporam o “sentido de jogo” e os “habitus” sociais de um universo historicamente
caracterizado pelo privilégio. A “localização contraditória de classe” dos trabalhadores dos
casinos, ou seja, a sua constituição como agentes dominados num “campo social”
dominante contribui, decisivamente, para a reprodução das relações assimétricas entre
capital e trabalho. As práticas de “oclusão social” que permeiam o universo laboral dos
casinos e que visam a salvaguarda de relativos privilégios ocupacionais contra outras
fracções da classe trabalhadora, permitem construir a dignidade na subordinação, mas
apenas à custa de potenciais projectos emancipatórios.
This ethnographic research seeks to analyze the social and labor universe of Portuguese casinos, focusing, in particular, on three main objectives: the analysis of the structural connections between capital, State and labor, as well as the daily interactions between workers, managers and other organizational structures; the investigation of the relationships between workers and players; and the examination of the relationships between workers of different professional categories. Therefore, different research techniques were applied: firstly, I carried out participant observation in three different moments, having participated as a player, worker and student in the social and labor universe of two Portuguese casinos; then, I applied 46 semi-structured interviews to various professionals in the national gambling industry; finally, I carried out an archival research on the history of trade unionism in the gambling sector. Articulating Marx, Weber and Bourdieu, this thesis conceptualizes the labor universe of Portuguese casinos as a “social field”, that is, as a space of competition between hierarchically differentiated agents for the appropriation of different forms of capital (economic, social, cultural and symbolic) and, consequently, for the imposition of the “sense of game” and social “habitus” more adjusted to their particular interests. Casino workers are structurally subordinated by capital and the State, however, they incorporate the “sense of game” and the social “habitus” of the historical privilege universe of casinos. The “contradictory class location” of casino workers, that is, their constitution as dominated agents in a dominant “social field” contributes, decisively, to the reproduction of the asymmetrical relations between capital and labor. The practices of “social closure” that permeate the labor universe of casinos and that aim at the protection of the relative occupational privileges against other fractions of the working class, allow for the construction of dignity in subordination, but only at the expense of potential emancipatory projects.
This ethnographic research seeks to analyze the social and labor universe of Portuguese casinos, focusing, in particular, on three main objectives: the analysis of the structural connections between capital, State and labor, as well as the daily interactions between workers, managers and other organizational structures; the investigation of the relationships between workers and players; and the examination of the relationships between workers of different professional categories. Therefore, different research techniques were applied: firstly, I carried out participant observation in three different moments, having participated as a player, worker and student in the social and labor universe of two Portuguese casinos; then, I applied 46 semi-structured interviews to various professionals in the national gambling industry; finally, I carried out an archival research on the history of trade unionism in the gambling sector. Articulating Marx, Weber and Bourdieu, this thesis conceptualizes the labor universe of Portuguese casinos as a “social field”, that is, as a space of competition between hierarchically differentiated agents for the appropriation of different forms of capital (economic, social, cultural and symbolic) and, consequently, for the imposition of the “sense of game” and social “habitus” more adjusted to their particular interests. Casino workers are structurally subordinated by capital and the State, however, they incorporate the “sense of game” and the social “habitus” of the historical privilege universe of casinos. The “contradictory class location” of casino workers, that is, their constitution as dominated agents in a dominant “social field” contributes, decisively, to the reproduction of the asymmetrical relations between capital and labor. The practices of “social closure” that permeate the labor universe of casinos and that aim at the protection of the relative occupational privileges against other fractions of the working class, allow for the construction of dignity in subordination, but only at the expense of potential emancipatory projects.
Description
Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia.
Keywords
Antropologia; Etnografia; Casinos; Trabalho; Classes Sociais.