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A transição na Europa de Leste: dez anos depois que futuro?
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O ano de 1989 marcou a viragem nas histórias das economias de
planeamento central, e a queda do muro de Berlim acabou por ser o factor
decisivo para as transformações ideológicas e económicas que se seguiram.
Vários países da Europa de Leste iniciaram assim a chamada transição para
economia de mercado, e as grandes economias da União Soviética e da China
foram abaladas, principalmente na União Soviética onde o desmembramento
resultou num conjunto de novos países e em grande estabilidade política.
As diferentes condições de partida dos países, associados às medidas
restritivas da procura tomadas pelo Banco Mundial e pelo Fundo Monetário
Internacional, através dos seus programas de ajustamento estrutural, levaram a
que se assistisse a uma transição a duas velocidades.
A um ritmo mais acelerado temos a Polónia, que apesar de ser de todos eles
aquele que apresenta um sector agrícola mais forte, fez da sua proximidade
com a Alemanha uma vantagem. Igualmente a Hungria, a República Checa, a
Estónia, Eslovénia e Eslováquia são países que apresentam hoje bons
indicadores económicos revelando uma adaptação das suas economias ao
actual processo de globalização.
No outro lado encontram-se a quase totalidade dos Novos Estados
Independentes, que não conseguiram desprender-se da antiga União Soviética,
actual Rússia, mas também não conseguiram adaptar-se às exigências da
passagem de uma economia planificada para uma economia de mercado. A
própria Rússia enfrentou recentemente uma das maiores crises financeiras da
sua história. Toda esta situação foi agravada pelas lutas intermináveis pelo
poder e pela independência que se travaram naquela zona do globo.
Estes países encontram-se, 10 anos após o início da transição, numa
situação económica mais débil, altamente endividados perante o estrangeiro e
com fortes entropias nas economias, geradas por fortes tensões inflacionistas e
por uma grande corrupção.Cabe aos governos tomar as medidas e empreender reformas na área da
educação, da saúde mas sobretudo ao nível da despesa pública,
nomeadamente na segurança social. Os países ainda conservam velhos vícios
dos tempos findos e continuam a ser - alguns deles - autênticos "estadosprovidéncia".
Paralelamente os conflitos bélicos na Ex- Jugoslávia e a constante
luta pela independência nalgumas repúblicas russas trazem ainda maior
instabilidade e afastam o investidor estrangeiro.
Aos poucos, o cenário começa a mudar, não só porque algumas medidas de
política económica começam a surtir efeito, mas também devido à aproximação
à União Europeia, cujo objectivo é o de evitar a criação de zonas
subdesenvolvidas ao seu redor. A União Europeia cria programas específicos de
ajuda como o PHARE e o TACIS e inicia as negociações de pré-adesào com
estes países. Com esta situação é automaticamente disponibilizado o fundo de
pré-adesào por forma a amenizar as assimetrias existentes.
Por outro lado, o comércio e as alterações resultantes do Uruguay Round,
resultam num aumento das transacções comerciais e da diminuição da
importância do comércio intra-regional, assistindo-se no entanto a uma forte
dependência da Rússia como principal parceiro de trocas comerciais.
A forma como se processou, mas sobretudo a forma como se irá processar a
transição daqui para a frente será fundamental, na integração económica
destes países no espaço comunitário.
The year of 1989 marked the change in the history of the economies of central planning in century XX. The fali of the wall of Berlin was the decisive factor for also economic and ideological transformations, in the economy and civil society. Several countries of the East Europe had initiated the transitíon for the market economy, and the powerful economies of the Soviet Union and China had been strongly affected, mainly the first one where the separation resulted in a set of new countries. The different conditions of departure associated to the restrictive measures of demand taken by the World Bank and the Monetary International Fund, through its programs of structura! adjustment, íeaded to a two speeds transitíon in these countries. To a faster rhythm we have the Poland , that although to be the one that presents a stronger agricultural sector, made of its proximity with Germany an advantage. Equally the Hungary, the Czech Republic, the Estónia and the Slovenia are countries that presents good economic pointers, disclosing an adaptation of its economies to the new globalization. In the other side we meet almost the totality of the New Independent States, that had not separate themselves completely of the old Soviet Union, but also not adapt their economies to the requirements for a transitíon to a market economy. Rússia recently faced one of the biggest financial crises of its history. Ali this situation was aggravated by the interminable fights for the power and the independence in that zone of the globe. These countries face now, 10 years from the beginning of the transitíon, a weaker economic situation, strong internai and externai debits, and entropies in their economy, generated for strong inflating tensions and corruption.The role of the governments is to take the measures and to undertake reforms in the area of education, health, but over ali in public charges, nominated in the social security. The countries still conserve vices of the old times and continue to be - some of them - in extreme protection of the social expenses. Parallel the conflicts in ex-Yugoslavia and the constant fight for independence in some Russian republics contribute for a grew of instability and keep away the foreign investor. Slowly the scenario starts to change, not only because some measures of economic politics start to cause effect, but also due to approach to the European Union, whose goal is to preveni the grew of sub-development zones near its boarders. The European Union creates specific programs of aid as the PHARE and the TACIS and initiates the negotiations of pre-adhesion with these countries. With this situation automatically the fund of pre-adhesion is mobilize in order to reduce the existíng asymmetries. On the other hand, the commerce, and the resultant negotiation of the Uruguay Round, result in an increase of the commercial transactions, and the reduction of the importance of the intra-regional commerce, attending itself however one strong dependence of Rússia as maín partner of commercial exchanges. The way that the transition had been processed, but over ali the way that will be gone to process in the near future assume a major importance , in the economic integration of these countries in the European Union .
The year of 1989 marked the change in the history of the economies of central planning in century XX. The fali of the wall of Berlin was the decisive factor for also economic and ideological transformations, in the economy and civil society. Several countries of the East Europe had initiated the transitíon for the market economy, and the powerful economies of the Soviet Union and China had been strongly affected, mainly the first one where the separation resulted in a set of new countries. The different conditions of departure associated to the restrictive measures of demand taken by the World Bank and the Monetary International Fund, through its programs of structura! adjustment, íeaded to a two speeds transitíon in these countries. To a faster rhythm we have the Poland , that although to be the one that presents a stronger agricultural sector, made of its proximity with Germany an advantage. Equally the Hungary, the Czech Republic, the Estónia and the Slovenia are countries that presents good economic pointers, disclosing an adaptation of its economies to the new globalization. In the other side we meet almost the totality of the New Independent States, that had not separate themselves completely of the old Soviet Union, but also not adapt their economies to the requirements for a transitíon to a market economy. Rússia recently faced one of the biggest financial crises of its history. Ali this situation was aggravated by the interminable fights for the power and the independence in that zone of the globe. These countries face now, 10 years from the beginning of the transitíon, a weaker economic situation, strong internai and externai debits, and entropies in their economy, generated for strong inflating tensions and corruption.The role of the governments is to take the measures and to undertake reforms in the area of education, health, but over ali in public charges, nominated in the social security. The countries still conserve vices of the old times and continue to be - some of them - in extreme protection of the social expenses. Parallel the conflicts in ex-Yugoslavia and the constant fight for independence in some Russian republics contribute for a grew of instability and keep away the foreign investor. Slowly the scenario starts to change, not only because some measures of economic politics start to cause effect, but also due to approach to the European Union, whose goal is to preveni the grew of sub-development zones near its boarders. The European Union creates specific programs of aid as the PHARE and the TACIS and initiates the negotiations of pre-adhesion with these countries. With this situation automatically the fund of pre-adhesion is mobilize in order to reduce the existíng asymmetries. On the other hand, the commerce, and the resultant negotiation of the Uruguay Round, result in an increase of the commercial transactions, and the reduction of the importance of the intra-regional commerce, attending itself however one strong dependence of Rússia as maín partner of commercial exchanges. The way that the transition had been processed, but over ali the way that will be gone to process in the near future assume a major importance , in the economic integration of these countries in the European Union .
Descrição
Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Palavras-chave
Transição Globalização Cooperação europeia Desenvolvimento Ajustamento estrutural Alargamento Comércio e desenvolvimento Transition Globalization European cooperation Development structural adjustment Enlargement Economical and social reforms Trade and development
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Duarte, António José Fonseca (2004)." A transição na Europa de Leste: dez anos depois que futuro?". Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Lisboa. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão.
Editora
Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão