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Prova digital : a cadeia de custódia como mecanismo de controlo epistémico no processo penal
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Em decorrência do avanço tecnológico e das novas formas de relação social, nomeadamente, com o advento da internet, o mundo físico está migrando para o digital. Neste cenário, é inegável que a tecnologia é uma poderosa ferramenta para ajudar a sociedade em diversos setores. Todavia, infelizmente, em mãos cujas mentes são maquiavélicas, a tecnologia torna-se um sagaz meio para a prática de crimes, com a agravante de que a identidade pode ser facilmente ocultada e, as provas, por seu turno, facilmente apagadas e/ou adulteradas. As provas provenientes dos sistemas informáticos são definidas como prova digital, que possuem características específicas que serão tratadas na presente dissertação, que as diferencia das outras modalidades probatórias, nomeadamente, a possibilidade de removê-las ou transfigurá-las, dificultando a sua obtenção e, podendo tornar a investigação inócua, obstruindo a busca da verdade material e a realização da justiça. A prova digital, para ser valorada no processo penal, é necessário que a sua autenticidade e integralidade sejam salvaguardadas, e isto, torna-se possível através da preservação da sua cadeia de custódia. Na legislação portuguesa não há a previsão legal da prova digital, nem tampouco da cadeia de custódia da prova. Todavia, na legislação brasileira, embora não haja a previsão da prova digital, com a introdução da Lei n.º 13.964, de 24 de dezembro de 2019, foi consagrada a cadeia de custódia da prova. Em 2016, no Brasil, foi desencadeada a operação open doors, onde foram praticados diversos crimes cibernéticos. Todavia, no decorrer das investigações, os órgãos de polícia criminal, não utilizaram a metodologia adequada para a preservação da prova digital, havendo a violação da sua cadeia de custódia. Assim sendo, no decorrer desta dissertação, diante da ausência de disposição legal sobre a prova digital, iremos analisar o caso supracitado e a decisão proveniente do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, pontuando as consequências da transgressão à cadeia de custódia inerente à prova digital.
As a result of technological advances and new forms of social relationships, namely with the advent of the internet, the physical world is migrating to the digital. In this scenario, it is undeniable that technology is a powerful tool to help society in various sectors. But, unfortunately, in hands whose minds are Machiavellian, technology becomes a clever means for committing crimes, with the aggravating factor that identity can be easily hidden and evidence, in turn, can be easily erased and/or adulterated. Evidence from computer systems is defined as digital evidence, which has specific characteristics that will be addressed in this dissertation, which differentiates it from other forms of evidence, namely, the possibility of removing or transfiguring it, making it difficult to obtain and, which can render the investigation ineffective, obstructing the search for material truth and the realization of justice. Digital evidence, to be valued in criminal proceedings, requires its authenticity and completeness to be safeguarded, and this becomes possible through the preservation of its chain of custody. In Portuguese legislation there is no legal provision for digital evidence, nor for the chain of custody of the evidence. However, in Brazilian legislation, although there is no provision for digital evidence, with the introduction of Law No. 13,964, of December 24, 2019, the chain of custody of evidence was enshrined. In 2016, in Brazil, the open doors operation was launched, where several cybercrimes were committed. But, during the investigations, the criminal police bodies did not use the appropriate methodology for preserving digital evidence, resulting in a violation of its chain of custody. Therefore, throughout this dissertation, given the absence of legal provisions on digital evidence, we will analyze the aforementioned case and the decision from the Superior Court of Justice, highlighting the consequences of the transgression of the chain of custody inherent to digital evidence.
As a result of technological advances and new forms of social relationships, namely with the advent of the internet, the physical world is migrating to the digital. In this scenario, it is undeniable that technology is a powerful tool to help society in various sectors. But, unfortunately, in hands whose minds are Machiavellian, technology becomes a clever means for committing crimes, with the aggravating factor that identity can be easily hidden and evidence, in turn, can be easily erased and/or adulterated. Evidence from computer systems is defined as digital evidence, which has specific characteristics that will be addressed in this dissertation, which differentiates it from other forms of evidence, namely, the possibility of removing or transfiguring it, making it difficult to obtain and, which can render the investigation ineffective, obstructing the search for material truth and the realization of justice. Digital evidence, to be valued in criminal proceedings, requires its authenticity and completeness to be safeguarded, and this becomes possible through the preservation of its chain of custody. In Portuguese legislation there is no legal provision for digital evidence, nor for the chain of custody of the evidence. However, in Brazilian legislation, although there is no provision for digital evidence, with the introduction of Law No. 13,964, of December 24, 2019, the chain of custody of evidence was enshrined. In 2016, in Brazil, the open doors operation was launched, where several cybercrimes were committed. But, during the investigations, the criminal police bodies did not use the appropriate methodology for preserving digital evidence, resulting in a violation of its chain of custody. Therefore, throughout this dissertation, given the absence of legal provisions on digital evidence, we will analyze the aforementioned case and the decision from the Superior Court of Justice, highlighting the consequences of the transgression of the chain of custody inherent to digital evidence.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Prova digital Cadeia de custódia Processo penal Direitos fundamentais Nulidades Teses de mestrado - 2025 Digital evidence Chain of custody Criminal procedure Fundamental rights Nullities