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As plantas enteógenas em terapêutica
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As plantas enteógenas têm sido utilizadas tradicionalmente por culturas indígenas para fins religiosos e medicinais devido às suas propriedades psicadélicas, possuindo metabolitos secundários capazes de induzir estados alterados de consciência.
O estudo científico destas plantas tem crescido nas últimas décadas, revelando os seus potenciais benefícios terapêuticos, especialmente no tratamento de distúrbios do foro psicológico.
A presente monografia tem como objetivo averiguar se as plantas enteógenas podem ser utilizadas em terapêutica moderna. Para atingir estes objetivos, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados PubMed e Web of Science focando-se temporalmente nos últimos 14 anos (2010 até ao presente), seguindo a metodologia PRISMA. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a identificação de 16 artigos científicos, visando as espécies enteógenas com maior número de artigos disponíveis. Nomeadamente, Mitragyna speciosa, folha, Tabernanthe iboga, raiz, Peganum harmala, semente, Banisteriopsis caapi, casca e caule e Psychotria viridis, folha, constituindo a mistura das duas últimas a preparação à base de plantas denominada “ayahuasca”.
Verificou-se que as plantas estudadas apresentam potencial terapêutico, reforçado pelos estudos científicos realizados, principalmente no tratamento da dependência de substâncias como álcool, morfina e outros opióides, e no tratamento de distúrbios psicológicos como depressão e ansiedade.
A ayahuasca (Psychotria viridis, folha e Banisteriopsis caapi, casca e caule) mostrou-se eficaz na redução da ansiedade e no tratamento da depressão resistente, enquanto que Mitragyna speciosa, folha apresentou propriedades analgésicas e antinociceptivas comparáveis às dos opióides convencionais, mas com menor potencial de dependência. Já Peganum harmala, semente mostrou ter potencial neuroprotetor e inibidor da monoamina oxidase. Tabernanthe iboga, raiz, demonstrou capacidade de reduzir os sintomas de abstinência e a compulsão por substâncias aditivas.
Constatou-se uma evidente escassez de estudos em humanos, além da existência de várias barreiras legais e culturais, o que provoca vários obstáculos aos avanços da investigação do uso terapêutico destas plantas.
Em suma, as espécies enteógenas demonstram ter potencial terapêutico para a medicina moderna oferecendo alternativas promissoras para o tratamento de dependências a substâncias como álcool, morfina e codeína, transtornos mentais e de outras condições de saúde, sendo no entanto necessários mais estudos científicos que garantam a sua segurança, qualidade e eficácia.
Entheogenic plants have traditionally been used by indigenous cultures for religious and medicinal purposes due to their psychedelic properties, possessing secondary metabolites capable of inducing altered states of consciousness. The scientific study of these plants has grown in recent decades, revealing their potential therapeutic benefits, especially in the treatment of psychological disorders. The aim of this monograph is to find out whether entheogenic plants can be used in modern therapy. To achieve these objectives, a bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, on the last 14 years (2010 to the present), following the PRISMA methodology. The results obtained identified 16 scientific articles, targeting the entheogenic species with the highest number of articles available. Namely, Mitragyna speciosa, leaf, Peganum harmala, seeds, Tabernanthe iboga, root, Banisteriopsis caapi, bark and stem and Psychotria viridis, leaf, with the mixture of the last two constituting the herbal preparation known as "ayahuasca". The plants studied were found to have therapeutic potential, reinforced by scientific studies, especially in the treatment of dependence on substances such as alcohol, morphine and other opioids, and in the treatment of psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Ayahuasca (Psychotria viridis, leaf, and Banisteriopsis caapi, bark and stem) proved to be effective in reducing anxiety and treating resistant depression, while Mitragyna speciosa, leaf, showed analgesic and antinociceptive properties comparable to those of conventional opioids, but with less addictive potential. Peganum harmala, seed showed neuroprotective and monoamine oxidase inhibitory potential. Tabernanthe iboga, root, has been shown to reduce withdrawal symptoms and compulsion for addictive substances. However, there is a clear scarcity of studies on humans, besides several legal and cultural barriers, which hinder research into the therapeutic use of these plants. In short, entheogenic species have proven to have therapeutic potential for modern medicine, offering promising alternatives for the treatment of addictions to substances such as alcohol, morphine and codeine, mental disorders and other health conditions, although more scientific studies are needed to guarantee their safety, quality and efficacy.
Entheogenic plants have traditionally been used by indigenous cultures for religious and medicinal purposes due to their psychedelic properties, possessing secondary metabolites capable of inducing altered states of consciousness. The scientific study of these plants has grown in recent decades, revealing their potential therapeutic benefits, especially in the treatment of psychological disorders. The aim of this monograph is to find out whether entheogenic plants can be used in modern therapy. To achieve these objectives, a bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, on the last 14 years (2010 to the present), following the PRISMA methodology. The results obtained identified 16 scientific articles, targeting the entheogenic species with the highest number of articles available. Namely, Mitragyna speciosa, leaf, Peganum harmala, seeds, Tabernanthe iboga, root, Banisteriopsis caapi, bark and stem and Psychotria viridis, leaf, with the mixture of the last two constituting the herbal preparation known as "ayahuasca". The plants studied were found to have therapeutic potential, reinforced by scientific studies, especially in the treatment of dependence on substances such as alcohol, morphine and other opioids, and in the treatment of psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Ayahuasca (Psychotria viridis, leaf, and Banisteriopsis caapi, bark and stem) proved to be effective in reducing anxiety and treating resistant depression, while Mitragyna speciosa, leaf, showed analgesic and antinociceptive properties comparable to those of conventional opioids, but with less addictive potential. Peganum harmala, seed showed neuroprotective and monoamine oxidase inhibitory potential. Tabernanthe iboga, root, has been shown to reduce withdrawal symptoms and compulsion for addictive substances. However, there is a clear scarcity of studies on humans, besides several legal and cultural barriers, which hinder research into the therapeutic use of these plants. In short, entheogenic species have proven to have therapeutic potential for modern medicine, offering promising alternatives for the treatment of addictions to substances such as alcohol, morphine and codeine, mental disorders and other health conditions, although more scientific studies are needed to guarantee their safety, quality and efficacy.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Enteógenos Ayahuasca Tabernanthe iboga Mitragyna speciosa Peganum harmala Mestrado integrado - 2024