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Plantas medicinais como agentes anti-infeciosos
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Historicamente, as espécies botânicas têm sido utilizadas como um recurso natural valioso para a medicina tradicional. Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento de efeitos adversos e a resistência microbiana aos medicamentos sintetizados quimicamente causou mudanças no interesse pelo campo da pesquisa etnobotânica. A disseminação da resistência aos antibióticos ocorre continuamente e é um processo ininterrupto, mas que pode ser retardado, por exemplo, através do desenvolvimento de novos compostos antimicrobianos de origem vegetal. A presente monografia tem como objetivo investigar as propriedades antimicrobianas de plantas medicinais contra agentes infeciosos. Pretende-se identificar as plantas medicinais descritas como úteis para o efeito e detentoras de monografia elaborada pela Agência Europeia do Medicamento (EMA), bem como outras plantas medicinais usadas tradicionalmente para o mesmo fim, mas não detentoras de monografia por parte desta Agência.
Desta forma, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica recorrendo à base de dados da EMA, além das bases de dados PubMed e Web of Science, seguindo a metodologia PRISMA e excluindo-se os artigos anteriores a 2010 e artigos de revisão. Para isso, foram preparados extratos vegetais das partes aéreas de 21 espécies botânicas, nomeadamente: Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum vulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Acacia nilotica, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, Euphorbia hirta, Lantana camara, Mentha spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Withania somnifera e Zingiber officinale, sendo que 11 destas já são detentoras de monografia elaborada pela EMA. As técnicas mais utilizadas para a determinação da atividade antimicrobiana foram difusão em disco, difusão em halo e o método de microdiluição em tubo. Os solventes mais utilizados para a extração dos componentes químicos de cada planta medicinal foram a água, o metanol e etanol.
A análise fitoquímica dos extratos vegetais demonstrou a presença de compostos fenólicos, terpenos, alcalóides e flavonóides, quer maioritariamente nas folhas, quer nas sementes de cada planta medicinal.
Com a análise final da atividade exercida por cada extrato vegetal, verificou-se que apenas 5 espécies vegetais das 21 analisadas inicialmente, apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana significativa, possuindo valores de MIC entre 0,125 μg/ml a 101 μg/ml.
Essas espécies vegetais foram Azadirachta indica folha, Allium sativum bolbo, Cinnamomum zeylanicum folha, Foeniculum vulgare semente e Curcuma longa folha.
Apesar do número final de resultados com relevância, em termos de atividade exercida pelo extrato vegetal, não ser muito amplo, foi possível confirmar que os componentes vegetais possuem propriedades antimicrobianas e são eficazes contra um amplo espectro de bactérias Gram positivas e Gram negativas, fungos, parasitas e vírus.
Hitorically, botanical species have been used as a valuable natural resource for traditional medicine. In the last years, the development of adverse effects and microbial resistence to chemically synthesized medicines caused changes in the interest of the ethnobotany field research. The spread of resistence to antibiotics occurs continuously and it´s a uninterrupted process, but it can be delayed. One solution to slow it down may be to invest in the development of new antimicrobial compounds of vegetable origin. The goal of this monograph is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants against infectious agents. The intention is to identify the medicinal plants described as useful for the effect and holders of elaborated monograph by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), as well as other medicinal plants tradicionally used for the same end but not holders of monograph by them. To do so, a bibliographic research using the EMA data base was carried out, as well as the PubMed and Web of Science, following the PRISMA methodology, excluding the articles previous to 2010 and review articles. Results showed that plant extracts of aerial parts were prepared from 21 medicinal plants, like: Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum vulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Acacia nilotica, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, Euphorbia hirta, Lantana camara, Mentha spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Withania somnifera e Zingiber officinale, 11 of these being already subject of monograph by EMA. The most used methods for the evaluation of each activity were disk diffusion , agar well diffusion and the microdilution method. The solvents most used to extract the chemical components of each medicinal plant were water, methanol and ethanol. The phytochemistry analysis of the extracts demonstrated the presence of phenols, terpenes, alkaloids and flavonoids compounds, in the seeds or the leafs of each medicinal plant. With the final analysis of the activity carried out by each plant extract, it was verified that only 5 botanical species of 21 initially analyzed, presented significant antimicrobial activity, having MIC between 0,125ug/ml to 101 ug/ml. Those medicinal plants were Azadirachta indica leaf, Allium sativum bulb, Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaf, Foeniculum vulgare seed and Curcuma longa leaf. Despite the final number of relevant results in terms of activity were not really wide, it was possible to confirm that plant secundary metabolites possess antimicrobial properties and are effective against positive and negative Gram bacteria, fungus, parasites and virus.
Hitorically, botanical species have been used as a valuable natural resource for traditional medicine. In the last years, the development of adverse effects and microbial resistence to chemically synthesized medicines caused changes in the interest of the ethnobotany field research. The spread of resistence to antibiotics occurs continuously and it´s a uninterrupted process, but it can be delayed. One solution to slow it down may be to invest in the development of new antimicrobial compounds of vegetable origin. The goal of this monograph is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants against infectious agents. The intention is to identify the medicinal plants described as useful for the effect and holders of elaborated monograph by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), as well as other medicinal plants tradicionally used for the same end but not holders of monograph by them. To do so, a bibliographic research using the EMA data base was carried out, as well as the PubMed and Web of Science, following the PRISMA methodology, excluding the articles previous to 2010 and review articles. Results showed that plant extracts of aerial parts were prepared from 21 medicinal plants, like: Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum vulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Acacia nilotica, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, Euphorbia hirta, Lantana camara, Mentha spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Withania somnifera e Zingiber officinale, 11 of these being already subject of monograph by EMA. The most used methods for the evaluation of each activity were disk diffusion , agar well diffusion and the microdilution method. The solvents most used to extract the chemical components of each medicinal plant were water, methanol and ethanol. The phytochemistry analysis of the extracts demonstrated the presence of phenols, terpenes, alkaloids and flavonoids compounds, in the seeds or the leafs of each medicinal plant. With the final analysis of the activity carried out by each plant extract, it was verified that only 5 botanical species of 21 initially analyzed, presented significant antimicrobial activity, having MIC between 0,125ug/ml to 101 ug/ml. Those medicinal plants were Azadirachta indica leaf, Allium sativum bulb, Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaf, Foeniculum vulgare seed and Curcuma longa leaf. Despite the final number of relevant results in terms of activity were not really wide, it was possible to confirm that plant secundary metabolites possess antimicrobial properties and are effective against positive and negative Gram bacteria, fungus, parasites and virus.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Plantas medicinais Atividade antimicrobiana Agente anti-infecioso In vivo In vitro Mestrado Integrado - 2024