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A influência no combate ao terrorismo no direito internacional público e no direito internacional da pessoa humana
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A presente pesquisa propõe a análise do combate ao terrorismo neste início de século XXI. De forma direita, aduz-se pela ideia de que o combate ao terrorismo seria o catalisador de mudanças interpretativas de consolidadas normas de direito internacional público e o propulsor da depreciação de normas internacionais de direitos humanos. De uma forma introdutória que busca clarificar onde esse debate se encontra no cenário internacional, realiza-se um exame do papel da propaganda midiática e governamental na era democrática e um panorama geral sobre a história contemporânea e a definição de terrorismo. Isso serve para apontar o paralelo entre o discurso de combate ao terrorismo e a alegada mutação interpretativa de uma exceção à proibição do uso da força no direito internacional público: o exercício do direito inerente à legítima defesa assegurado aos Estados. Da mesma forma, serve para apontar outra finalidade para qual este trabalho se propõe: determinar se a depreciação de direitos humanos em nome da segurança interna dos Estados seria realmente vantajosa ao ponto de vista individual ou até coletivo. Não somente, o trabalho procura avaliar até que ponto as medidas de combate ao terrorismo adotadas através da via democrática violam pactos internacionais de direitos humanos e valores que seriam considerados inerentes ao sistema de direito internacional público, principalmente aqueles que garantem a paz e segurança internacionais. Como resultado, a conclusão é que não se pode ignorar a influência que o combate ao terrorismo segue trazendo ao direito internacional público após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001. Impulsionado pelo discurso político, trouxe o abalo interpretativo ao direito inerente de legítima defesa, o qual entende-se que fora excepcional ao caso da invasão do Afeganistão, ainda em 2001, mas, ao mesmo tempo, em razão da ineficiência do direito internacional público, por razões majoritariamente políticas, em lidar com o problema de forma efetiva, tem seus efeitos colaterais prolongados no tempo. Esses reflexos são observados, também, na esfera interna, via a adoção de peças legislativas que aumentam o poder do Estado em relação ao indivíduo. Evidenciou-se que, através do fomento de uma atmosfera de medo, realizada pelo discurso político, propiciou-se um caminho para a adoção de novas peças legislativas de combate ao terrorismo por vastas partes do globo. Em alguns casos, evidencia-se a quebra de obrigações inderrogáveis impostas aos Estados através dos pactos de direito internacional da pessoa humana.
The present research proposes the analysis of the fight against terrorism at the beginning of the 21st century. Directly, it is suggested that the fight against terrorism would be the catalyst for interpretive changes to consolidated norms of public international law and a propellant to the depreciation of international human rights norms. As an introductory way that seeks to clarify where this debate lies in the international arena, this paper seeks to examine the role of media and government propaganda in the democratic era, as well as to give an overview of contemporary history and the definition of terrorism. This will help to point out the parallel between the discourse of the war on terror and the alleged interpretative mutation of an exception to the prohibition of the use of force in public international law: the exercise of the inherent right to self-defense assured to the States. By looking closely into that relation, it serves to point out another purpose for which this work is proposed: to determine whether the depreciation of human rights in the name of the national security of States proves to be advantageous if seen from the point of view of an individual or even the collective. Moreover, this work seeks to assess to what extent the adopted antiterrorist measures through the democratic path can violate international norms that protects human rights and the core values of the public international law system, especially those that ensure international peace and security. As a result, the conclusion is that one cannot ignore the influence that the fight against terrorism is posing to public international law after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Driven by political discourse, it brought the interpretative shock to the resort to self-defense, which is understood to have been an exception in the case of the Afghanistan invasion in 2001, but at the same time, as a result of the inefficiency of public international law, mainly because of political reasons, in dealing effectively with the problem, has its side effects prolonged. These influences are also observed in the internal sphere of States, through the adoption of legislative pieces that increase the power of the State in relation to the individual. It was evidenced that, by fostering an atmosphere of fear, carried out by political discourse, a way was provided for the adoption of new legislative pieces of fight against terrorism by vast parts of the globe. In some cases, the breach of non-derogable obligations imposed to the States through the compacts of international law of the human person is evident.
The present research proposes the analysis of the fight against terrorism at the beginning of the 21st century. Directly, it is suggested that the fight against terrorism would be the catalyst for interpretive changes to consolidated norms of public international law and a propellant to the depreciation of international human rights norms. As an introductory way that seeks to clarify where this debate lies in the international arena, this paper seeks to examine the role of media and government propaganda in the democratic era, as well as to give an overview of contemporary history and the definition of terrorism. This will help to point out the parallel between the discourse of the war on terror and the alleged interpretative mutation of an exception to the prohibition of the use of force in public international law: the exercise of the inherent right to self-defense assured to the States. By looking closely into that relation, it serves to point out another purpose for which this work is proposed: to determine whether the depreciation of human rights in the name of the national security of States proves to be advantageous if seen from the point of view of an individual or even the collective. Moreover, this work seeks to assess to what extent the adopted antiterrorist measures through the democratic path can violate international norms that protects human rights and the core values of the public international law system, especially those that ensure international peace and security. As a result, the conclusion is that one cannot ignore the influence that the fight against terrorism is posing to public international law after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Driven by political discourse, it brought the interpretative shock to the resort to self-defense, which is understood to have been an exception in the case of the Afghanistan invasion in 2001, but at the same time, as a result of the inefficiency of public international law, mainly because of political reasons, in dealing effectively with the problem, has its side effects prolonged. These influences are also observed in the internal sphere of States, through the adoption of legislative pieces that increase the power of the State in relation to the individual. It was evidenced that, by fostering an atmosphere of fear, carried out by political discourse, a way was provided for the adoption of new legislative pieces of fight against terrorism by vast parts of the globe. In some cases, the breach of non-derogable obligations imposed to the States through the compacts of international law of the human person is evident.
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Palavras-chave
Direito internacional Combate ao terrorismo Propaganda midiática e governamental Uso da força Legítima defesa Direito internacional da pessoa humana Teses de mestrado - 2020