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A representação política das mulheres nos orgãos de poder : uma evolução para a democracia paritária?
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Em 2015 a Organização das Nações Unidas num projeto ambicioso adotou a Agenda 2030 de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Esse documento estabeleceu o prazo de quinze anos para alcançar diversos objetivos globais, sendo um deles a igualdade de género. Consoante o rol estabelecido pela ONU, a igualdade é a quinta meta a ser alcançada dentre o total de 17 desígnios.
Nesta senda, foram fixadas diretrizes para o alcance da igualdade de género, como acabar com todas as formas de discriminação, eliminar todas as formas de violência, além da garantia da participação plena das mulheres nos órgãos de tomada de decisão.
Nesta perspetiva, para que mulheres e homens possuam as mesmas oportunidades e usufruam os mesmos direitos, é imperiosa a participação delas na vida pública, mediante a sua inserção nos assuntos públicos, através do exercício do poder político, sobretudo o direito de votar e ser votada.
Sem embargo, a representatividade política das mulheres nos órgãos de poder é uma das questões que acompanham o princípio da igualdade de género. Assim, ao pesquisarmos esta temática consideramos os fatores que proporcionaram esse debate nos dias atuais: a influência das teorias feministas do Direito, a consagração da igualdade nas normas internacionais, regionais e comunitárias, bem como a sua irradiação para a ordem doméstica dos Estados.
Portanto, pese embora a controvérsia relacionada com a implementação de medidas positivas para a efetivação do exercício da capacidade eleitoral passiva, esta pesquisa propõe a reflexão acerca do sistema jurídico e as medidas que foram tomadas para a concreção da igualdade entre mulheres e homens no seio da sociedade.
Em contrapartida, a despeito da igualdade integrar as constituições da maioria dos Estados, estes não conseguiram implementar de forma eficaz uma concreta participação das mulheres no cenário político. Então, apesar dos países possuírem processos históricos e emancipatórios completamente distintos, possuem em comum um Parlamento maioritariamente composto por homens.Desta feita, este trabalho busca identificar as teorias, medidas normativas e decisões judiciais que proporcionaram uma mudança de paradigma no exercício do direito político por parte das mulheres, bem como pondera se tais mecanismos foram suficientes para o alcance da igualdade.
Com efeito, esta pesquisa possui três capítulos que contém pontos de interseção: algumas reivindicações das teóricas feministas terão uma repercussão nas normas internacionais, assim como tais normas influenciam
direta ou indiretamente o ordenamento jurídico interno.
Assim, o primeiro capítulo introduz o pensamento das teorias feministas do Direito, suas postulações, críticas, bem como uma breve análise acerca do conceito de género, ao passo que na parte seguinte são apresentadas as normas de Direito Internacional, Regional e Comunitário relacionadas aos direitos das mulheres. Adiciona-se que nesta parte do trabalho foram analisadas as decisões de algumas Comissões e Comités, como o Comité da CEDAW, com o intuito de compreender o aparato normativo protetivo, seu
entendimento e mecanismo de funcionamento em casos de violação. Por fim, a última parte explorou o princípio da igualdade e não discriminação, seu enquadramento na Constituição portuguesa e o significado de paridade e as medidas positivas na esfera política.
Os resultados apurados demonstram que o arcabouço normativo existente não foi suficiente para o alcance da igualdade na esfera da representação política, especialmente, no caso português, na Presidência de Câmara Municipal onde representam 10,4% do total dos/as eleitos/as. No entanto, constatamos um avanço considerável nesta área, uma vez que os resultados das últimas eleições para a Assembleia da República alcançaram um terço dos assentos parlamentares. Desta feita, deverão ser pensadas estratégias e implementados outros mecanismos de incentivo para a inclusão de mulheres nas Câmaras Municipais, bem como deverão ser concebidos instrumentos para o incremento de mulheres na esfera parlamentar.
In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. This document established the deadline of fifteen years to achieve several global goals for prosperity and global peace, one of them being gender equality. Gender equality is in fifth place out of 17, according to the agenda’s goals defined by the UN. For this purpose, guidelines were defined to achieve gender equality, such as ending all forms of discrimination, terminate all forms of violence, as well as guarantee full participation of women on decision making bodies. In this perspective, for women to have the same opportunities and rights as men, their participation on public life is essential, by means of their insertion in public affairs, through the means of political power, especially the right to vote and stand for election. However, the political representability of women on the power organs is one of the questions that mark the principle of gender equality. As such, by researching this thematic we consider the factors that allowed this debate on the present day: the influence of feminist theories of law, the consecration of equality on international standards, regional and communitarian, as well as their impact on the domestic order of the states. Therefore, although the implementation of positive measures to ensure the full political rights, including the right to stand for election, are riddled with controversy, this research suggests a contemplation on the juridical system and the measures that were taken to assure the equality of women and men in society. Nevertheless, even though equality integrates the constitution of the majority of the States, these could not effectively implement a clear and certain participation of women on the political scenario. Despite the fact that the countries had completely distinct historical and emancipatory processes, they have in common a Parliament mainly composed by men. In this sense, this work seeks to identify the theories, normative measures and judicial decisions that allowed a paradigm change on exercise of political rights by women, as well as reflect if such mechanisms were enough to achieve the desired equality. Consequently, this research is comprised of three chapters that contain intersecting points: some claims of the feminist theories have a repercussion on international norms, as well as such norms influence direct or indirectly the domestic legal orders. Accordingly, the first chapter introduces the understanding of the feminist theories of Law, their postulations, critics, as well as a brief analysis about the concept of gender. In contrast to this, the next part introduces International, Regional and Community laws related to women’s rights. In addition, that part of the thesis contains analysis of some decisions by Commissions and Committees, such as the Committee of CEDAW, with the purpose of understanding the protective normative apparatus, its understanding and functioning mechanism in cases of its violation. Lastly, the final part explored the principle of equality and non-iscrimination, its framework on the Portuguese Constitution, the meaning of parity and its positive impact on the political sphere. The findings made, show that the normative legal framework that exist, were not enough to achieve the equality on the political representation sphere, especially, on the Portuguese case, on the Town Council elections where only 10,4% of the candidates were women. Still, we observe a considerable progress on this area, since the results of the past elections for the Assembly of the Republic reached one third of the parliament’s seats. Under these conditions, strategies and other effective encourage mechanisms to ensure the inclusion of women on the Town’s Councils should be considered, as well as instruments to increase the women in the parliamentary sphere should be conceived.
In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. This document established the deadline of fifteen years to achieve several global goals for prosperity and global peace, one of them being gender equality. Gender equality is in fifth place out of 17, according to the agenda’s goals defined by the UN. For this purpose, guidelines were defined to achieve gender equality, such as ending all forms of discrimination, terminate all forms of violence, as well as guarantee full participation of women on decision making bodies. In this perspective, for women to have the same opportunities and rights as men, their participation on public life is essential, by means of their insertion in public affairs, through the means of political power, especially the right to vote and stand for election. However, the political representability of women on the power organs is one of the questions that mark the principle of gender equality. As such, by researching this thematic we consider the factors that allowed this debate on the present day: the influence of feminist theories of law, the consecration of equality on international standards, regional and communitarian, as well as their impact on the domestic order of the states. Therefore, although the implementation of positive measures to ensure the full political rights, including the right to stand for election, are riddled with controversy, this research suggests a contemplation on the juridical system and the measures that were taken to assure the equality of women and men in society. Nevertheless, even though equality integrates the constitution of the majority of the States, these could not effectively implement a clear and certain participation of women on the political scenario. Despite the fact that the countries had completely distinct historical and emancipatory processes, they have in common a Parliament mainly composed by men. In this sense, this work seeks to identify the theories, normative measures and judicial decisions that allowed a paradigm change on exercise of political rights by women, as well as reflect if such mechanisms were enough to achieve the desired equality. Consequently, this research is comprised of three chapters that contain intersecting points: some claims of the feminist theories have a repercussion on international norms, as well as such norms influence direct or indirectly the domestic legal orders. Accordingly, the first chapter introduces the understanding of the feminist theories of Law, their postulations, critics, as well as a brief analysis about the concept of gender. In contrast to this, the next part introduces International, Regional and Community laws related to women’s rights. In addition, that part of the thesis contains analysis of some decisions by Commissions and Committees, such as the Committee of CEDAW, with the purpose of understanding the protective normative apparatus, its understanding and functioning mechanism in cases of its violation. Lastly, the final part explored the principle of equality and non-iscrimination, its framework on the Portuguese Constitution, the meaning of parity and its positive impact on the political sphere. The findings made, show that the normative legal framework that exist, were not enough to achieve the equality on the political representation sphere, especially, on the Portuguese case, on the Town Council elections where only 10,4% of the candidates were women. Still, we observe a considerable progress on this area, since the results of the past elections for the Assembly of the Republic reached one third of the parliament’s seats. Under these conditions, strategies and other effective encourage mechanisms to ensure the inclusion of women on the Town’s Councils should be considered, as well as instruments to increase the women in the parliamentary sphere should be conceived.
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Direito constitucional Representação política Mulheres Igualdade de sexos Teses de mestrado - 2018