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Atores domésticos e a política cubana dos Estados Unidos da América : os grupos de interesse, o poder legislativo e o poder executivo no contexto da restauração do capitalismo em Cuba (2001-2016)
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As declarações simultâneas dos presidentes Barack Obama e Raul Castro, em Dezembro de 2014, alteraram o rumo das relações entre os EUA e Cuba, abrindo o caminho para a normalização. Várias tentativas foram feitas para analisar a evolução das relações entre os dois países no século XXI. A literatura académica focou-se na pressão dos atores internacionais sobre Washington para o fim do embargo, na cooperação histórica entre os dois países, na transformação socio-económica da comunidade cubano-americana, na entrada em cena dos lobbies empresariais, ao lado dos seus aliados congressistas, e na chegada do Barack Obama à Casa Branca, como os fatores determinantes da mudança na política cubana dos EUA. Apesar de admitir a importância destes fatores, esta tese afirma que foram as reformas liberais económicas adotadas na ilha que impulsaram os atores domésticos norte-americanos para uma mudança radical de política vis-à-vis Havana. Utilizando o método process-tracing e baseando-se nos dados originais e nas entrevistas de figuras-chave, além de outras fontes utilizadas, este estudo demostra que (I) a questão entre os dois países é principalmente económica; (II) a restauração do capitalismo em Cuba, desde a chegada do Raul Castro à liderança na ilha, em 2006, incentiva os grupos económicos norte-americanos a fazer pressão sobre os legisladores e a Casa Branca; (III) o lobby cubano-americano está a perder a sua força neste novo contexto de pós-Guerra Fria; e (IV) o Presidente Barack Obama tomou a decisão do início de processo de normalização, respondendo aos interesses gerais da classe dominante capitalista nos EUA. Os resultados da nossa análise propõem novas pesquisas, não só na questão cubana, mas também na relação dos EUA com outros países socialistas, tal como o Vietname e a República Popular Democrática da Coreia.
The simultaneous statements by Presidents Barack Obama and Raul Castro in December 2014 altered the direction of relations between the US and Cuba, paving the way for normalization. Several attempts were made to analyze the evolution of relations between the two countries in the 21st century. The academic literature focused on the pressure from international actors on Washington to end the embargo, the historical cooperation between the two countries, the socio-economic transformation of the Cuban-American community, the emergence of corporate lobbyists alongside their allied congressmen, and Barack Obama's arrival at the White House, as the determinant factors of change in US’ policy toward Cuba. Without denying the importance of these factors, this thesis affirms that it were the liberal economic reforms adopted in the island that impelled the American domestic actors for a radical change of policy vis-à-vis Havana. Using the process-tracing method and based on the original data and the interviews with key figures, among other sources, this study shows that (I) the issue between the two countries is mainly economic; (II) the restoration of capitalism in Cuba since Raul Castro’s arrival to the island’s leadership in 2006 encourages US economic groups to put pressure on legislators and the White House; (III) the Cuban-American lobby is losing its strength in this new post-Cold War context; and (IV) President Barack Obama made the decision to begin the process of normalization by responding to the general interests of the ruling capitalist class in the United States. The results of our analysis propose new research not only on the Cuban issue, but also on the relationship of the US with other socialist countries, such as Vietnam and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
The simultaneous statements by Presidents Barack Obama and Raul Castro in December 2014 altered the direction of relations between the US and Cuba, paving the way for normalization. Several attempts were made to analyze the evolution of relations between the two countries in the 21st century. The academic literature focused on the pressure from international actors on Washington to end the embargo, the historical cooperation between the two countries, the socio-economic transformation of the Cuban-American community, the emergence of corporate lobbyists alongside their allied congressmen, and Barack Obama's arrival at the White House, as the determinant factors of change in US’ policy toward Cuba. Without denying the importance of these factors, this thesis affirms that it were the liberal economic reforms adopted in the island that impelled the American domestic actors for a radical change of policy vis-à-vis Havana. Using the process-tracing method and based on the original data and the interviews with key figures, among other sources, this study shows that (I) the issue between the two countries is mainly economic; (II) the restoration of capitalism in Cuba since Raul Castro’s arrival to the island’s leadership in 2006 encourages US economic groups to put pressure on legislators and the White House; (III) the Cuban-American lobby is losing its strength in this new post-Cold War context; and (IV) President Barack Obama made the decision to begin the process of normalization by responding to the general interests of the ruling capitalist class in the United States. The results of our analysis propose new research not only on the Cuban issue, but also on the relationship of the US with other socialist countries, such as Vietnam and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
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Palavras-chave
política externa norte-americana normalização atores domésticos restauração do capitalismo Cuba U.S. foreign policy normalization domestic actors restoration of capitalism Cuba