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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A introdução e o desenvolvimento do carro de guerra nos contextos político-militares
do mundo pré-clássico, alterou profundamente a maioria das sociedades que compuseram este
amplo período histórico. Desde os primeiros veículos pesados sumérios, relativamente
rudimentares, até ao desenvolvido carro de guerra ligeiro do segundo milénio a. C., observamos
uma forte presença desta arma nos sistemas propagandísticos de monarcas e de chefes militares.
Facto que advém do importante marco que os carros fizeram nos campos de batalha durante
dois milénios, desde aproximadamente 2500 a. C. até 600 a. C.
Inicialmente apenas presentes na Mesopotâmia e em algumas regiões da Síria, na fase
de transição para o segundo milénio a. C., estes primeiros «carros» sofreram profundas
alterações que viriam a tornar esta arma um elemento essencial para qualquer exército préclássico.
Importa destacar três factores: o cavalo, a roda raiada e a utilização de materiais mais
leves na construção destes veículos. Todos estes elementos tornaram-nos mais ágeis,
manobráveis e, certamente, mais eficientes ao ponto de modificarem os processos estratégicotácticos
dos contingentes militares, tanto dos exércitos que aplicavam esta arma nas suas
fileiras, como os que não tinham a capacidade, fosse esta económica ou tecnológica, para
possuir carros de guerra.
A ampla difusão desta arma por todas as geografias da Antiguidade Pré-clássica
confirma a importância do carro para estas sociedades. Desde os veículos sumérios, ao provável
desenvolvimento do carro ligeiro no Norte da Mesopotâmia, de onde foi levado para a Anatólia,
para o Sul da Mesopotâmia, para o Corredor siro-palestino, para as regiões banhadas pelo mar
Egeu e, por fim, para o Egipto, trazido ao que tudo indica pelos Hicsos. O carro de guerra foi
uma arma paradigmática que marcou profundamente a forma de fazer a guerra, bem como a
própria imagética de poder transmitida pelos vários sistemas políticos.
Pretende-se com a elaboração desta tese de doutoramento trazer para o plano científico
um melhor entendimento dos vários aspectos relativos a esta importante arma, desde as
tipologias, à composição dos esquadrões, à utilização em combate, aos sistemas de produção e
as dimensões logísticas associadas. Mas também, e por outro lado, levantar um importante
questionário sobre problemas emergentes que ainda poucas respostas possuem.
The introduction and development of the war chariot in the politico-military contexts of the Bronze Age, profoundly changed the societies of this wide historical period. From the earliest and relatively archaic Sumerian heavy vehicles to the improved light war chariot of the Second Millennium B.C., we find a strong presence of this weapon in the propagandistic systems of kings and military leaders. This fact comes from the important mark that these vehicles made on the battlefields for about two thousand years, from 2500 B.C. up to 600 B.C. Initially only in Mesopotamia and in some regions of Syria, around the transition to the second millennium B.C., these first «chariots» underwent to profound changes that turned this weapon in an essential element for any army of this period. We most highlight three factors for their improvement: the horse, the wheel and the use of lighter materials in the construction of these vehicles. All of these elements made them more agile, more maneuverable, and certainly more efficient to the extent that they modified the strategic and tactical processes of the armies, both those who applied this weapon in their ranks and those that did not have the capacity, economic or technological, to own chariots. The wide diffusion of this weapon by all Bronze Age geographies confirms the importance of the war chariot in these societies. From the Sumerian vehicles, to the probable development in Northern Mesopotamia, from where it was taken to Anatolia, to the south of Mesopotamia, to the Levant, to the Aegean Sea regions, and finally to Egypt, brought by the Hyksos. The war chariot was a paradigmatic weapon that profoundly marked the way of making war, as well as the very imagery of power transmitted by the various political systems. The aim of this PhD thesis is to bring into the scientific level a better understanding of the various aspects related to this important weapon, from the typologies, to the composition of the squadrons, to their use in combat, to the production systems and associated logistics dimensions. But also, raise an important questionnaire related to emerging problems that still have few answers.
The introduction and development of the war chariot in the politico-military contexts of the Bronze Age, profoundly changed the societies of this wide historical period. From the earliest and relatively archaic Sumerian heavy vehicles to the improved light war chariot of the Second Millennium B.C., we find a strong presence of this weapon in the propagandistic systems of kings and military leaders. This fact comes from the important mark that these vehicles made on the battlefields for about two thousand years, from 2500 B.C. up to 600 B.C. Initially only in Mesopotamia and in some regions of Syria, around the transition to the second millennium B.C., these first «chariots» underwent to profound changes that turned this weapon in an essential element for any army of this period. We most highlight three factors for their improvement: the horse, the wheel and the use of lighter materials in the construction of these vehicles. All of these elements made them more agile, more maneuverable, and certainly more efficient to the extent that they modified the strategic and tactical processes of the armies, both those who applied this weapon in their ranks and those that did not have the capacity, economic or technological, to own chariots. The wide diffusion of this weapon by all Bronze Age geographies confirms the importance of the war chariot in these societies. From the Sumerian vehicles, to the probable development in Northern Mesopotamia, from where it was taken to Anatolia, to the south of Mesopotamia, to the Levant, to the Aegean Sea regions, and finally to Egypt, brought by the Hyksos. The war chariot was a paradigmatic weapon that profoundly marked the way of making war, as well as the very imagery of power transmitted by the various political systems. The aim of this PhD thesis is to bring into the scientific level a better understanding of the various aspects related to this important weapon, from the typologies, to the composition of the squadrons, to their use in combat, to the production systems and associated logistics dimensions. But also, raise an important questionnaire related to emerging problems that still have few answers.
Description
Keywords
Veículos militares - Antiguidade - História Armas antigas - História Arcos - Antiguidade - História Flechas - Antiguidade - História Arte e ciência militares - Antiguidade Cavalos - Utilização militar - Antiguidade - História História militar - Antiguidade Guerra - Antiguidade Teses de doutoramento - 2019