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O carcinoma de língua é o carcinoma mais frequente da cavidade oral e o que apresenta pior prognóstico. O tipo histológico mais frequente é o pavimento-celular e a localização mais comum os bordos laterais e o dorso lingual. A população mais afetada são homens, entre os 70-90 anos, tendo como principais fatores de risco os hábitos tabágicos e etanólicos. Apesar de tudo, a sua incidência tem aumentado na população jovem (<40 anos) e feminina.
O diagnóstico tem por base a observação da cavidade oral, identificação de lesões pré malignas e biópsia de lesões.
No que diz respeito à abordagem do estadiamento é realizada com base no estadiamento TNM e espessura tumoral, sendo a cirurgia o gold standard da terapêutica curativa, associada ou não, ao esvaziamento ganglionar das cadeias cervicais.
A imunoterapia é a grande esperança terapêutica para o futuro, permitindo uma melhoria do prognóstico a médio prazo. Os biomarcadores são essenciais no que diz respeito à abordagem dos carcinomas de língua, podendo vir a demonstrar utilidade para o rastreio junto da população, contribuindo para o diagnóstico precoce, e ainda para abordagem terapêutica mais dirigida e personalizada.
O fator que mais se correlaciona com o prognóstico é o tempo de diagnóstico, sendo que o diagnóstico precoce se associa a um prognóstico muito mais favorável.
Atualmente, em Portugal verifica-se um aumento do número de diagnósticos em estadio I e II, no entanto, o estadio IV mantém-se como mais prevalente. Para além disso, a relevância dada à área de Tumores de Cabeça e Pescoço no ensino da Medicina em Portugal, é escassa. Este é um aspeto que necessita ser tido em conta, uma vez que o diagnóstico precoce assenta, acima de tudo, no conhecimento do médico responsável.
Uma aposta no ensino poderá ditar um futuro mais promissor aos doentes com esta patologia.
Tongue carcinoma is the most common oral cavity carcinoma and the one that has the worst prognosis. The most frequent histologic type is squamous cell carcinoma and affects especially the lateral borders and dorsal tongue. Men aged between 70-90 represent the majority of the patients, and the main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol. Nevertheless, its incidence has increased in the young (<40 years) and female population. The diagnosis is based on oral cavity observation, identification of premalignant lesions and biopsy of these lesions. Staging is performed based on TNM staging and tumor thickness. Surgery is the gold standard of curative therapy, in association or not with Elective Neck Dissection. Immunotherapy is the biggest hope, allowing an improvement of the prognosis. Biomarkers will take a major part in what concerns to the approach of tongue carcinomas. They may be used for population screening, contributing to early diagnosis, and may also help in a targeted and personalized therapeutic approach. The diagnosis’ timing is the most related factor with prognosis, and early detection is associated with a better prognosis. Nowadays, there is an increase in the number of diagnosis in stages I and II, however, stage IV remains the most prevalent at the time of diagnosis in Portugal. Moreover, the relevance given to the area of Head and Neck Tumors in the teaching of Medicine in Portugal is scarce. And since the early diagnosis depends, above all, on the knowledge of the professional in charge, that’s something that needs to be taken in consideration. So, it’s a fact that a better future for our patients relies on a greater concern with the medical education nowadays.
Tongue carcinoma is the most common oral cavity carcinoma and the one that has the worst prognosis. The most frequent histologic type is squamous cell carcinoma and affects especially the lateral borders and dorsal tongue. Men aged between 70-90 represent the majority of the patients, and the main risk factors are tobacco and alcohol. Nevertheless, its incidence has increased in the young (<40 years) and female population. The diagnosis is based on oral cavity observation, identification of premalignant lesions and biopsy of these lesions. Staging is performed based on TNM staging and tumor thickness. Surgery is the gold standard of curative therapy, in association or not with Elective Neck Dissection. Immunotherapy is the biggest hope, allowing an improvement of the prognosis. Biomarkers will take a major part in what concerns to the approach of tongue carcinomas. They may be used for population screening, contributing to early diagnosis, and may also help in a targeted and personalized therapeutic approach. The diagnosis’ timing is the most related factor with prognosis, and early detection is associated with a better prognosis. Nowadays, there is an increase in the number of diagnosis in stages I and II, however, stage IV remains the most prevalent at the time of diagnosis in Portugal. Moreover, the relevance given to the area of Head and Neck Tumors in the teaching of Medicine in Portugal is scarce. And since the early diagnosis depends, above all, on the knowledge of the professional in charge, that’s something that needs to be taken in consideration. So, it’s a fact that a better future for our patients relies on a greater concern with the medical education nowadays.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2018
Palavras-chave
Carcinoma da cavidade oral Carcinoma pavimento-celular de língua Diagnóstico precoce
