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Acordos sobre a sentença, a decisão ou a pena : uma manifestação do princípio da oportunidade no direito sancionatório?
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O desmedido aumento do recurso à justiça com fim à obtenção da resolução de um conflito aliado às expressivas mudanças dos tempos pós-modernos e à mutação do significado e fins que presidem ao Direito, densificou a procura por alternativas ao quadro extremamente formalista e conflitual do Direito Sancionatório. Surge, assim, neste contexto, a ideia da agregação do instituto dos Acordos sobre a Sentença ou a Decisão no ordenamento jurídico sancionatório português. Coloca-se, por conseguinte, a questão de saber se a adoção do instituto acima mencionado se revelará efetivamente acessível num campo do Direito fundamentalmente pautado pelo princípio da legalidade. É precisamente esta questão o ponto de partida do nosso estudo, e à qual pretendemos dar resposta. Em vista à sua obtenção, tencionamos ao longo do estudo entender em que contexto poderia assumir relevância a dicotomia legalidade/oportunidade. E, facilmente, nos apercebemos que, não obstante a primazia do princípio da legalidade, o legislador tem gradualmente, e ainda que insuficientemente, aberto caminho para o princípio da oportunidade. Nitidamente que não o consagra na sua pura aceção, mas sim como um limite ao princípio da legalidade. Inconformados com a relutância, quer doutrinária, quer jurisprudencial, ou até mesmo do legislador, questionamos o porquê da não adoção dos Acordos sobre a Sentença ou a Decisão no Direito Sancionatório Português. Questionamento que ganha ainda mais enfâse quando, em determinados momentos, o legislador abriu a porta a mecanismos com maior margem de discricionariedade do que aquela que defendemos para o instituto em análise. Elaborados os questionamentos e contra-argumentados os mesmos, com a ilustração em toda a extensão do estudo do estrito respeito do instituto em análise pelas garantias e direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos, bem como pelos programas político-criminais, prosseguimos a análise do objeto central da investigação, analisando a admissibilidade de soluções de consenso, mormente dos Acordos sobre a Decisão, no âmbito do processo contraordenacional e dos termos dos mesmos, por confronto com o processo penal. Terminando a nossa investigação pela defesa por um instituto jurídico de consenso, como os Acordos sobre a Sentença ou a Decisão, tanto no Direito Processual Penal quanto no Direito Contraordenacional, conscientes dos maiores desafios que possam surgir no âmbito deste último, devido, fundamentalmente, à estrutura do respetivo processo.
The disproportionate increase in the recourse to justice with the aim of resolving conflicts, coupled with the significant changes of the post-modern era and the shifting meaning and purposes of the Law, has intensified the search for alternatives to the highly formalistic and adversarial framework of Sanctioning Law. Thus, within this context, the idea of incorporating the institute of Agreements on the Sentence and the Decision into the Portuguese sanctioning legal system arises. The question, therefore, is whether the adoption of the aforementioned institute will actually be feasible in a field of Law primarily governed by the principle of legality. In order to obtain an answer, we intend, throughout the study, to understand in which the dichotomy of legality/opportunity could assume relevance. And, we easily realize that, despite the primacy of the principle of legality, the legislator has gradually, albeit insufficiently, opened the way for the principle of opportunity. Clearly, it does not fully embrace it in its pure sense, but rather as a limitation to the principle of legality. Dissatisfied with the reluctance, whether doctrinal, jurisprudential, or even legislative, we question why the Agreements on the Sentence and the Decision have not been adopted in Portuguese Sanctioning Law. This question is further emphasized when, at certain moments, the legislator has opened the door to mechanisms with greater discretionary power than we defend for the institute under analysis. After raising the questions and countering them, with the comprehensive illustration throughout the study of the strict respect of the institute in question for the guarantees and fundamental rights of individuals, as well as for political-criminal programs, we proceed to analyze the central object of the investigation, which is to confront the admissibility of consensual solutions, particularly Agreements on the Sentence, within the scope of the administrative offense process and their terms, in contrast to the criminal process. We conclude our investigation by advocating for a consensual legal institute, such as Agreements on the Sentence, both in Criminal Procedural Law and in Administrative Offense Law, fully aware of the greater challenges that may arise within the latter, fundamentally due to the structure of the respective process.
The disproportionate increase in the recourse to justice with the aim of resolving conflicts, coupled with the significant changes of the post-modern era and the shifting meaning and purposes of the Law, has intensified the search for alternatives to the highly formalistic and adversarial framework of Sanctioning Law. Thus, within this context, the idea of incorporating the institute of Agreements on the Sentence and the Decision into the Portuguese sanctioning legal system arises. The question, therefore, is whether the adoption of the aforementioned institute will actually be feasible in a field of Law primarily governed by the principle of legality. In order to obtain an answer, we intend, throughout the study, to understand in which the dichotomy of legality/opportunity could assume relevance. And, we easily realize that, despite the primacy of the principle of legality, the legislator has gradually, albeit insufficiently, opened the way for the principle of opportunity. Clearly, it does not fully embrace it in its pure sense, but rather as a limitation to the principle of legality. Dissatisfied with the reluctance, whether doctrinal, jurisprudential, or even legislative, we question why the Agreements on the Sentence and the Decision have not been adopted in Portuguese Sanctioning Law. This question is further emphasized when, at certain moments, the legislator has opened the door to mechanisms with greater discretionary power than we defend for the institute under analysis. After raising the questions and countering them, with the comprehensive illustration throughout the study of the strict respect of the institute in question for the guarantees and fundamental rights of individuals, as well as for political-criminal programs, we proceed to analyze the central object of the investigation, which is to confront the admissibility of consensual solutions, particularly Agreements on the Sentence, within the scope of the administrative offense process and their terms, in contrast to the criminal process. We conclude our investigation by advocating for a consensual legal institute, such as Agreements on the Sentence, both in Criminal Procedural Law and in Administrative Offense Law, fully aware of the greater challenges that may arise within the latter, fundamentally due to the structure of the respective process.
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Acordos Sentenças Consenso Discricionariedade Princípio da legalidade Teses de mestrado - 2025 Agreements Sentences Consensus Bound discretion Principle of legality