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Síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono em idade pediátrica
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A síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) é diagnosticada quando são demonstrados eventos recorrentes de obstrução parcial ou total das vias aéreas superiores (hipopneias, apnéias obstrutivas ou mistas) e interrupção da oxigenação normal, ventilação e padrão de sono.
Nos seus sintomas, fisiopatologia, achados polissonográficos e tratamento, a SAOS em idade pediátrica difere significativamente desta condição em adultos.
A polissonografia é o gold standard para o diagnóstico da SAOS em crianças com manifestações clínicas de distúrbios respiratórios do sono, embora estejam a surgir novos métodos diagnósticos.
Embora a hipertrofia das amígdalas e dos adenoides sejam as causas mais comuns da síndrome, a obesidade tem surgido como um grave problema de saúde, com as suas implicações na SAOS. Crianças e adolescentes que têm SAOS associada ou causada por obesidade correm maior risco de problemas metabólicos e cardiovasculares.
Como a SAOS é conhecida por estar associada a sequelas físicas, psicológicas, neurocognitivas e comportamentais, o diagnóstico e a abordagem precoces melhoram a qualidade de vida e, provavelmente, previnem possíveis complicações.
OSAS (Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) is diagnosed when recurrent events of partial or complete upper airway obstruction (hypopneas, obstructive or mixed apneas) and disruption of normal oxygenation, ventilation and sleep pattern are demonstrated. In symptoms, pathophysiology, polysomnographic findings, and treatment, OSAS in children differs significantly from the condition in adults. Polysomnography stands as the gold standard tool for the diagnosis of OSAS in children with clinical manifestations of sleep disordered breathing, even though newer methods are emerging. Even though pharyngeal and palatine tonsillar hypertrophy are the most common causes of the syndrome, obesity has emerged as a serious health problem with its implications on OSAS. Children and adolescents who have OSAS associated or caused by obesity are at larger risk for major metabolic and cardiovascular issues. Because OSAS is known to be associated with physical, psychological, neurocognitive, and behavioral sequelae, early diagnosis and management improves quality of life and probably prevents possible complications.
OSAS (Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) is diagnosed when recurrent events of partial or complete upper airway obstruction (hypopneas, obstructive or mixed apneas) and disruption of normal oxygenation, ventilation and sleep pattern are demonstrated. In symptoms, pathophysiology, polysomnographic findings, and treatment, OSAS in children differs significantly from the condition in adults. Polysomnography stands as the gold standard tool for the diagnosis of OSAS in children with clinical manifestations of sleep disordered breathing, even though newer methods are emerging. Even though pharyngeal and palatine tonsillar hypertrophy are the most common causes of the syndrome, obesity has emerged as a serious health problem with its implications on OSAS. Children and adolescents who have OSAS associated or caused by obesity are at larger risk for major metabolic and cardiovascular issues. Because OSAS is known to be associated with physical, psychological, neurocognitive, and behavioral sequelae, early diagnosis and management improves quality of life and probably prevents possible complications.
Descrição
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2018
Palavras-chave
Síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono Crianças Obesidade Otorrinolaringologia