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Estilos de pensamento criminal em jovens deliquentes
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Walters (1990) desenvolveu a Teoria dos Estilos de Vida Criminal para explicar os comportamentos e pensamento que refletem um padrão de vida criminal duradouro e que são resultantes da influência de três fatores (3 C´s): Condições, Escolhas e Cognições. As Cognições, resultantes da união entre os outros dois fatores, são fundamentais na formação e manutenção do pensamento criminal e suportam o comportamento subsequente, alterando também o processo de tomada de decisão e a perceção sobre as variadas condições de vida. Walters (1990) descreveu, a partir dos erros de pensamento propostos por Yochelson e Samenow (1976), oito estilos de pensamento que desempenham um papel fundamental na iniciação e manutenção de comportamentos delitivos, cujo padrão é distinto entre os delinquentes e não delinquentes.
A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como principal objetivo estudar os estilos de pensamento criminal em duas amostras de jovens adolescentes, comunitária e forense, e eventuais diferenças por sexo na amostra global. Pretende-se igualmente avaliar a associação entre os estilos de pensamento criminal e os processos cognitivos relacionados com a raiva (adaptativos e mal-adaptativos) e entre aqueles e a agressividade, bem como o poder preditivo do pensamento criminal sobre o comportamento agressivo. A amostra deste estudo é constituída por 139 jovens, 82 do sexo masculino e 57 do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 19 anos de idade, distribuídos por dois grupos: o grupo forense que compreende 71 jovens internados em centro educativo, com medida tutelar aplicada, no âmbito da Lei Tutelar Educativa, e o grupo comunitário constituído por 68 estudantes de duas escolas do ensino básico e secundário, sem histórico de medidas tutelares aplicadas.
Os resultados obtidos mostram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as amostras comunitária e forense ao nível do pensamento criminal, com a última a registar valores mais elevados na maioria das subescalas do Inventário Psicológico de Estilos de Pensamento Criminal - IPEPC. No que concerne à associação entre estilos de pensamento criminal e processos cognitivos, adaptativos e mal-adaptativos, todas as subescalas do IPEPC se correlacionam baixa a moderadamente (.217 a .389), mas de forma estatisticamente significativa no sentido positivo, com os processos mal-adaptativos. Efetuada a análise por amostra, o grupo forense revela uma tendência mais expressiva na associação entre estilos de pensamento criminal e processos mal-adaptativos (.289 a .471) comparativamente com a amostra comunitária (.139 a .412).
Os estilos de pensamento criminal relacionam-se positivamente e de forma estatisticamente significativa com a agressividade total (.367 a .605) e com a dimensão Agressão Física (.206 a .654) na amostra global, enquanto na mostra comunitária se relacionam com a agressividade total (.265 a .635) e a dimensão Hostilidade (.319 a .623). Na amostra forense a associação foi maior com a agressividade total (.476 a .608), Agressão Física (.361 a .608) e Hostilidade (.473 a .615).
Os estilos de pensamento criminal revelam-se bons preditores da agressividade total, na amostra global, explicando 40,7% da variância (R2=.407; F=32,550, p<.001). Efetuada a análise separadamente, na amostra comunitária os estilos de pensamento criminal Competências Pessoais/Interpessoais e Estilos de Coping (β=.506, p=.001) e o pensamento criminal corrente (β=.595, p=.001) são as variáveis que mais contribuíram para a agressividade total, enquanto na amostra forense essas variáveis são as atitudes, crenças e traços antissociais (β=.494, p=.003) e a história do pensamento criminal (β=.448, p=.001).
Os dados resultantes deste estudo proporcionam indícios importantes da influência do pensamento criminal no comportamento delinquente. A sua relação com os processos cognitivos mal-adaptativos e a agressividade total e as suas dimensões agressão física e hostilidade constituem informação de grande relevância para o tratamento de jovens delinquentes e para futuras investigações relacionadas com os estilos de pensamento criminal, nomeadamente as suas diferenças por sexo.
Walters (1990) has developed the Criminal Lifestyles Theory to explain the behaviors and the thoughts which reflect a long-lasting criminal life pattern and that are the result of the influence of three factors (3 C’s): Conditions, Choices and Cognitions. Cognitions, resulting from the union between the other two factors, are critical to the formation and maintenance of criminal thinking and support the subsequent behavior, also changing the decision making process and the perception of the various life conditions. Walters (1990) has described, from the thinking errors proposed by Yochelson and Samenow (1976), eight thinking styles that play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of criminal behaviors, whose pattern is different in delinquent and non-delinquent. The main purpose of this Master’s Degree dissertation is to study the endorsement of Criminal Thinking Styles in two samples of youngsters, communitarian and forensic, and eventual differences by sex in the global sample. There is also the intention to evaluate the association between criminal thinking styles and cognitive processes related to anger (Adaptive and maladaptive) and between those and aggressiveness, as well as the predictive power of criminal thinking over aggressive behavior. This study’s sample is composed by 139 youngsters, 82 males and 57 females, of ages between 14 and 19, distributed by two groups: the forensic sample, comprising 71 internees in education center under tutelary measure according to the Tutelary Education Law, and the communitarian sample, composed by 68 students from two basic and secondary schools, with no history of tutelary measures applied. The results show statistically significant differences between communitarian and forensic samples at the level of criminal thinking, with higher values in the majority of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles – PICTS subscales in the forensic sample. Concerning the association between criminal thinking styles and cognitive processes, adaptive and maladaptive, all PICTS subscales show low to medium correlation (.217 to .389) but in a statistically significant way, in a positive way with maladaptive processes. In the analysis by sample, the forensic group show a more expressive trend to the association between criminal thinking styles and maladaptive processes (.289 to .471) comparing to the communitarian sample (.139 to .412). The criminal thinking styles relate positively and in a statistically significant way with total aggressiveness (.367 to .605) and with physical aggression dimension (.206 to .654) in the global sample, whereas in the communitarian sample they related with total aggressiveness (.265 to .635) and with the hostility dimension (.319 to .623). In the forensic sample, that association was higher with total aggressiveness (.476 to .608), physical aggression (.361 to .608) and hostility (.473 to .615). In the global sample, the criminal thinking styles appear as a good predictor of total aggressiveness, explaining 40,7% of the variance (R2=.407; F=32,550, p<.001). In a separate analysis, the criminal thinking styles, personal/interpersonal skills and coping styles (β=.506, p=.001) and current criminal thinking (β=.595, p=.001), are the variables with higher contribution to total aggressiveness in the communitarian sample, whereas in the forensic sample those variables are attitudes, beliefs and anti-social features (β=.494, p=.003) and the history of criminal thinking (β=.448, p=.001). Data resulting from this study bring important evidences of the influence of criminal thinking on delinquent behavior. Its relation with maladaptive cognitive processes and total aggressiveness and the physical aggression and hostility dimensions is information of great relevance for the treatment of young delinquents and for future investigations on criminal thinking styles, namely their differences according to gender.
Walters (1990) has developed the Criminal Lifestyles Theory to explain the behaviors and the thoughts which reflect a long-lasting criminal life pattern and that are the result of the influence of three factors (3 C’s): Conditions, Choices and Cognitions. Cognitions, resulting from the union between the other two factors, are critical to the formation and maintenance of criminal thinking and support the subsequent behavior, also changing the decision making process and the perception of the various life conditions. Walters (1990) has described, from the thinking errors proposed by Yochelson and Samenow (1976), eight thinking styles that play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of criminal behaviors, whose pattern is different in delinquent and non-delinquent. The main purpose of this Master’s Degree dissertation is to study the endorsement of Criminal Thinking Styles in two samples of youngsters, communitarian and forensic, and eventual differences by sex in the global sample. There is also the intention to evaluate the association between criminal thinking styles and cognitive processes related to anger (Adaptive and maladaptive) and between those and aggressiveness, as well as the predictive power of criminal thinking over aggressive behavior. This study’s sample is composed by 139 youngsters, 82 males and 57 females, of ages between 14 and 19, distributed by two groups: the forensic sample, comprising 71 internees in education center under tutelary measure according to the Tutelary Education Law, and the communitarian sample, composed by 68 students from two basic and secondary schools, with no history of tutelary measures applied. The results show statistically significant differences between communitarian and forensic samples at the level of criminal thinking, with higher values in the majority of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles – PICTS subscales in the forensic sample. Concerning the association between criminal thinking styles and cognitive processes, adaptive and maladaptive, all PICTS subscales show low to medium correlation (.217 to .389) but in a statistically significant way, in a positive way with maladaptive processes. In the analysis by sample, the forensic group show a more expressive trend to the association between criminal thinking styles and maladaptive processes (.289 to .471) comparing to the communitarian sample (.139 to .412). The criminal thinking styles relate positively and in a statistically significant way with total aggressiveness (.367 to .605) and with physical aggression dimension (.206 to .654) in the global sample, whereas in the communitarian sample they related with total aggressiveness (.265 to .635) and with the hostility dimension (.319 to .623). In the forensic sample, that association was higher with total aggressiveness (.476 to .608), physical aggression (.361 to .608) and hostility (.473 to .615). In the global sample, the criminal thinking styles appear as a good predictor of total aggressiveness, explaining 40,7% of the variance (R2=.407; F=32,550, p<.001). In a separate analysis, the criminal thinking styles, personal/interpersonal skills and coping styles (β=.506, p=.001) and current criminal thinking (β=.595, p=.001), are the variables with higher contribution to total aggressiveness in the communitarian sample, whereas in the forensic sample those variables are attitudes, beliefs and anti-social features (β=.494, p=.003) and the history of criminal thinking (β=.448, p=.001). Data resulting from this study bring important evidences of the influence of criminal thinking on delinquent behavior. Its relation with maladaptive cognitive processes and total aggressiveness and the physical aggression and hostility dimensions is information of great relevance for the treatment of young delinquents and for future investigations on criminal thinking styles, namely their differences according to gender.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2016
Palavras-chave
Agressividade Estilos de pensamento criminal Processos cognitivos adaptativos Processos cognitivos mal-adaptativos Inventário psicológico de estilos de pensamento criminal Teses de mestrado - 2016