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No presente trabalho procedeu-se ao estudo de resíduos carbonosos provenientes de processos de gasificação de carvão e pinho como vista a uma correcta gestão e possível valorização. Estes resíduos contêm elevados teores em carbono e composição variável, nomeadamente em metais pesados e outros poluentes, dependente dos combustíveis utilizados. A avaliação da toxicidade ambiental dos resíduos, foi realizada pela aplicação de diferentes ensaios de lixiviação (EN12457-2, US EPA-1311 TCLP e EA NEN 7371:2004). Os resultados mostraram que os resíduos apresentam muito baixos níveis de toxicidade de alguns poluentes. Porém, a libertação de outros compostos tóxicos, como PAH e BTEX, deve ser avaliada para um melhor conhecimento e prevenção do seu risco ambiental. A valorização energética destes resíduos por combustão foi a opção considerada neste estudo, podendo ao mesmo tempo constituir um pré-tratamento para deposição em aterro. Os estudos de termogravimetria analítica e de fusibilidade de cinzas, demonstraram um adequado comportamento termoquímico, sem grandes riscos operacionais. Realizaram-se ensaios de combustão em leito fluidizado para os resíduos de leito, não sendo os resíduos de ciclone passíveis de utilização no sistema utilizado. A partir de 700ºC obtiveram-se rendimentos de conversão de carbono muito elevados, parecendo a oxidação térmica dos resíduos ser mais fácil do que a dos carvões. Durante a combustão, quer dos resíduos quer dos carvões, verificou-se a tendência para emissões elevadas de SO2 e NOx. No entanto, estes níveis poderão ser minimizados, à semelhança do que é praticado na combustão de carvão, mediante o controlo de parâmetros de combustão, utilização de aditivos ou efectuando o tratamento dos gases de combustão. A avaliação da toxicidade ambiental das cinzas de leito dos ensaios de combustão, segundo a norma EN 12457-2, revelou que as cinzas provenientes da queima dos resíduos pareceram apresentar uma toxicidade inferior às originadas pela combustão do carvão.
This work presents the study of char residues produced during gasification of coal and pine with the aim of contributing to their correct management and possible valorization. These residues contain high levels of carbon and variable composition, namely in heavy metals and pollutant precursors, depending on the fuels used. The evaluation of environmental toxicity of the residues was performed through application of different leaching tests (EN12457-2, US EPA-1311 TCLP and EA NEN 7371:2004). The results showed that the residues present very low toxicity levels for some pollutants. However, the release of other toxic compounds, such as PAH e BTEX, must be evaluated also for a better knowledge and prevention of environmental risk. The energetic valorization was the option chosen for this study, as it might also be considered a pre-treatment for final landfilling. The thermogravimetric analysis and ash fusibility studies revealed adequate thermochemical behavior, without major operational risks. Fluidized bed combustion tests were applied only to bed residues, as the cyclone residues were not adequate for the system used. Above 700ºC very high carbon conversion ratios were obtained and it seemed that the thermal oxidation of residues was easier than that of the coals. During combustion of the residues as well as of the coals, it was found a tendency for production of high levels of SO2 and NOx. However, these levels can be minimized as in the case of coals through the correct control of operational parameters, using additives or performing flue gas treatment. The evaluation of environmental toxicity with EN 12457-2, showed that the ashes produced from residues combustion seemed to be less toxic than those produced from coal combustion.
This work presents the study of char residues produced during gasification of coal and pine with the aim of contributing to their correct management and possible valorization. These residues contain high levels of carbon and variable composition, namely in heavy metals and pollutant precursors, depending on the fuels used. The evaluation of environmental toxicity of the residues was performed through application of different leaching tests (EN12457-2, US EPA-1311 TCLP and EA NEN 7371:2004). The results showed that the residues present very low toxicity levels for some pollutants. However, the release of other toxic compounds, such as PAH e BTEX, must be evaluated also for a better knowledge and prevention of environmental risk. The energetic valorization was the option chosen for this study, as it might also be considered a pre-treatment for final landfilling. The thermogravimetric analysis and ash fusibility studies revealed adequate thermochemical behavior, without major operational risks. Fluidized bed combustion tests were applied only to bed residues, as the cyclone residues were not adequate for the system used. Above 700ºC very high carbon conversion ratios were obtained and it seemed that the thermal oxidation of residues was easier than that of the coals. During combustion of the residues as well as of the coals, it was found a tendency for production of high levels of SO2 and NOx. However, these levels can be minimized as in the case of coals through the correct control of operational parameters, using additives or performing flue gas treatment. The evaluation of environmental toxicity with EN 12457-2, showed that the ashes produced from residues combustion seemed to be less toxic than those produced from coal combustion.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2009
Palavras-chave
Gasificação Resíduo carbonoso Lixiviação Combustão de resíduos Valorização de resíduos Teses de mestrado - 2009
