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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Esta investigação pretende dar continuidade a alguns estudos conduzidos por
Lourenço (1991, 1998, 2000a, 2000b) no âmbito da psicologia do desenvolvimento
moral. Procuramos discutir alguns tópicos da teoria de Kohlberg, nomeadamente
aspectos deônticos, aretaicos e de responsabilidade relacionados com o seu Estádio 3.
Este estudo tem como principal objectivo verificar se, quando se distinguem
duas orientações morais (afecto vs. procura de aprovação social) e se observam três
domínios distintos da moralidade (deôntico, aretaico e de responsabilidade), tal estádio
é tão homogéneo e unitário quanto Kohlberg defendeu.
Na investigação participaram 32 crianças de 11-13 anos e 32 adolescentes de 15-
17 anos. Em cada nível etário havia igual número de rapazes e raparigas.
Os participantes foram confrontados inicialmente com um dilema de Kohlberg,
mais propriamente um dilema em que um filho (Joe/João) tem de decidir se deve ou não
dar ao seu pai algum dinheiro que ele ganhou para ir a um acampamento, depois de ter
cumprido um contrato estipulado pelo próprio pai. Apresentado o dilema, os
participantes foram solicitados a avaliar de um ponto de vista deôntico, aretaico e de
responsabilidade, quatro acções hipotéticas supostamente executadas por João e enformadas, todas, por razões deônticas de Estádio 3. Duas acções eram orientadas para
a aprovação social (e.g., João recusou dar o dinheiro para evitar que os outros
formassem uma má imagem a seu respeito); as outras duas eram orientadas para o
cuidado e afecto (e.g., João recusou dar o dinheiro porque pensa que o seu pai
compreenderá que ele ficaria desapontado se não fosse ao acampamento).
Os resultados mostram que as avaliações deônticas, aretaicas e de
responsabilidade respeitantes à orientação para o cuidado e afecto foram significativamente mais elevadas que as orientadas para a aprovação social. Este
resultado sugere que, em qualquer um dos três domínios estudados (deôntico, aretaico e
de responsabilidade), parecem existir, não um, mas dois Estádios 3 (um mais afectivo e
relacional; o outro mais convencional e orientado para a busca de aprovação social) e,
portanto, que o Estádio 3 de Kohlberg é mais heterogéneo, fragmentado e dependente
do conteúdo do que Kohlberg defendeu. Mostrando que existem, efectivamente, duas
orientações morais distintas, este estudo mostra também que, ao invés das teses de
Gilligan, a preferência por uma delas não está directamente associada ao sexo. Os
resultados deste trabalho sugerem ainda que, contrariamente à ideia de Kohlberg, os
juizos aretaicos estão mais próximos dos juízos deônticos do que dos juízos de
responsabilidade.
The work developed in this master's thesis is part of an ongoing research program on social moral development conducted by Lourenço (1991, 1998, 2000a; 2000b) over the last ten years. This dissertation revolves around deontic, aretaic, and responsibility judgments related to Kohlberg's Stage 3 of moral reasoning. Its main goal was to examine whether Kohlberg's Stage 3 is as homogeneous as he claimed, namely when one distinguishes in this stage two moral orientations (i.e., an affective, caring orientation, and an approval-seeking orientation), be they considered in deontic, aretaic, or responsibility terms. 32 children and 32 adolescents were first confronted with Kohlberg's camping dilemma in which a son (Joe) has to decide whether he should or should not give his father the money he had received for fulfilling a contract set out by his father. Participants were asked to evaluate in deontic, aretaic, and responsibility terms four hypothetical actions supposedly performed by Joe and informed by deontic reasons of Stage 3. Two actions were approval seeking-oriented (e.g., Joe refused to give the money to avoid that others would form a bad impression about him); the other two were care-oriented (e.g., Joe refused to give the money because he thinks that his father will understand that he will be disappointed for not going camping). Results show that participants' deontic, aretaic, and responsibility evaluations regarding the affective orientation were significantly higher than their approval-seeking counterparts. This result suggests that in each domain involved in the present study (i.e., the deontic, the aretaic, and the responsibility domain) there is not one, but two Stages 3: an affective, caring stage, and a conventional, approval-seeking stage. It seems, therefore, that Kohlberg's Stage 3 is not so homogeneous and unitary as Kohlberg always claimed. Contrary to Kohlberg's claim, the resuhs also suggest that aretaic judgments are closer to deontic than responsibility judgments.
The work developed in this master's thesis is part of an ongoing research program on social moral development conducted by Lourenço (1991, 1998, 2000a; 2000b) over the last ten years. This dissertation revolves around deontic, aretaic, and responsibility judgments related to Kohlberg's Stage 3 of moral reasoning. Its main goal was to examine whether Kohlberg's Stage 3 is as homogeneous as he claimed, namely when one distinguishes in this stage two moral orientations (i.e., an affective, caring orientation, and an approval-seeking orientation), be they considered in deontic, aretaic, or responsibility terms. 32 children and 32 adolescents were first confronted with Kohlberg's camping dilemma in which a son (Joe) has to decide whether he should or should not give his father the money he had received for fulfilling a contract set out by his father. Participants were asked to evaluate in deontic, aretaic, and responsibility terms four hypothetical actions supposedly performed by Joe and informed by deontic reasons of Stage 3. Two actions were approval seeking-oriented (e.g., Joe refused to give the money to avoid that others would form a bad impression about him); the other two were care-oriented (e.g., Joe refused to give the money because he thinks that his father will understand that he will be disappointed for not going camping). Results show that participants' deontic, aretaic, and responsibility evaluations regarding the affective orientation were significantly higher than their approval-seeking counterparts. This result suggests that in each domain involved in the present study (i.e., the deontic, the aretaic, and the responsibility domain) there is not one, but two Stages 3: an affective, caring stage, and a conventional, approval-seeking stage. It seems, therefore, that Kohlberg's Stage 3 is not so homogeneous and unitary as Kohlberg always claimed. Contrary to Kohlberg's claim, the resuhs also suggest that aretaic judgments are closer to deontic than responsibility judgments.
Description
Tese de mestrado em Psicologia (Desenvolvimento Humano) apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 2002
Keywords
Teses de mestrado - 2002 Estádio 3 de Kohlberg Desenvolvimento moral Avaliações deônticas Avaliações aretaicas Avaliações de responsabilidade