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A gestação de substituição : do acordo de vontades à solução dos problemas jurídicos que suscita
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O objeto de nosso estudo é a gestação de substituição, identificando-a não apenas como um fenômeno reprodutivo, mas também – e principalmente – como um fenômeno de natureza contratual, que em um enquadramento negocial veio a ser admitida em Portugal. Investiga-se, nesse contexto, os problemas jurídicos provenientes da contratualização da gestação humana, propondo críticas e soluções razoáveis aos desafios que se colocam. Neste cenário, para compreendermos a substituição gestacional enquanto modelo reprodutivo baseado no direito contratual, inicialmente realizar-se-á um breve estudo sobre o procedimento da procriação medicamente assistida e as técnicas reprodutivas que permitem o acesso à gestação de substituição. Por conseguinte, a busca por compreendermos melhor a própria gestação de substituição levar-nos-á à uma rápida incursão histórica desse acordo, avançando para uma análise de conceitos e características, até desembocarmos nas mais variadas soluções legislativas para esses contratos. Estabelecida essa base, colocar-se-á em causa alguns dos problemas jurídicos que nos propomos a resolver nesse estudo, como o estabelecimento da filiação decorrente desses contratos, o “direito ao arrependimento” da gestante, o dilema do anonimato dos doadores de gametas e da própria gestante, a (in)admissibilidade das cláusulas contratuais restritivas ao comportamento da gestante durante a gravidez de substituição, o debate sobre as cláusulas contratuais abortivas, as dúvidas suscitadas pelo evento morte e divórcio dos pais contratantes e as compensações financeiras decorrentes da gravidez de substituição em regimes jurídicos gratuitos. Ao fim, pretende-se demonstrar que a gestação humana não é mais um fenômeno inteiramente biológico, até então reservada a um projeto íntimo e desenvolvido entre o casal, mas assume feições complexas que exigem de todos nós, operadores do direito, maior amparo e preocupação.
The object of our study is surrogate pregnancy, identifying it not only as a reproductive phenomenon, but also - and mainly - as a phenomenon of contractual nature, which in a negotiation framework came to be admitted in Portugal. In this context, we investigate the legal problems from the contratualisation of the pregnancy, with the intend to criticise and offer reasonable solutions to the challenges that arise. In this scenario, to understand surrogate pregnancy as a reproductive model based on contractual law, we will initially conduct a brief study on the procedure of medically assisted procreation and the reproductive techniques that allow access to surrogate pregnancy. Therefore, the search for a better understanding of surrogate pregnancy itself will lead us to a quick historical incursion of this agreement, advancing to an analysis of concepts and characteristics, until we reach the most varied legislative solutions for these contracts. Once this basis is established, some of the legal problems we propose to solve in this study will be put into question, such as the establishment of the paternity resulting from these contracts, the pregnant woman’s right to repent, the dilemma of the anonymity of the gamete donors and of the pregnant woman herself, the (in)admissibility of contractual clauses restricting the behaviour of the pregnant woman during surrogate pregnancy, the debate over abortion contractual clauses, the doubts raised by the event of death and divorce of the contracting parents, and the financial compensations resulting from surrogate pregnancies in free legal regimes. In conclusion, we intend to demonstrate that pregnancy is no longer an entirely biological phenomenon, reserved for an intimate and developed project between the couple, but also a complex subject that require from all of us, law professionals, greater support and concern.
The object of our study is surrogate pregnancy, identifying it not only as a reproductive phenomenon, but also - and mainly - as a phenomenon of contractual nature, which in a negotiation framework came to be admitted in Portugal. In this context, we investigate the legal problems from the contratualisation of the pregnancy, with the intend to criticise and offer reasonable solutions to the challenges that arise. In this scenario, to understand surrogate pregnancy as a reproductive model based on contractual law, we will initially conduct a brief study on the procedure of medically assisted procreation and the reproductive techniques that allow access to surrogate pregnancy. Therefore, the search for a better understanding of surrogate pregnancy itself will lead us to a quick historical incursion of this agreement, advancing to an analysis of concepts and characteristics, until we reach the most varied legislative solutions for these contracts. Once this basis is established, some of the legal problems we propose to solve in this study will be put into question, such as the establishment of the paternity resulting from these contracts, the pregnant woman’s right to repent, the dilemma of the anonymity of the gamete donors and of the pregnant woman herself, the (in)admissibility of contractual clauses restricting the behaviour of the pregnant woman during surrogate pregnancy, the debate over abortion contractual clauses, the doubts raised by the event of death and divorce of the contracting parents, and the financial compensations resulting from surrogate pregnancies in free legal regimes. In conclusion, we intend to demonstrate that pregnancy is no longer an entirely biological phenomenon, reserved for an intimate and developed project between the couple, but also a complex subject that require from all of us, law professionals, greater support and concern.
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Palavras-chave
Procriação medicamente assistida Contrato de gestação Maternidade de substituição Direito contratual Teses de mestrado - 2021