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Veículos autônomos e responsabilidade
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.33 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
Os veículos autônomos (VA) são uma nova e emergente tecnologia. Trata-se de uma realidade de Inteligência Artificial que impõe desafios à responsabilidade jurídica, nomeadamente sobre as possibilidades de resposta quando um VA provoca um acidente que tem como resultado morte ou dano físico a um humano. Enquanto pesquisa exploratória, pretende-se estudar a responsabilidade jurídica em suas diversas dimensões, para: i) delinear respostas sobre o problema jurídico dos acidentes provocados por VA; e ii) auxiliar na própria formulação do mencionado problema, particularmente por meio da identificação dos desafios. Partimos do estudo de um caso concreto (Hezberg – primeiro caso em que uma transeunte foi atropelada por um VA e morreu). Apresentamos dados estatísticos sobre os acidentes provocados por VA e conceitos técnico-científicos de Inteligência Artificial para compreender o funcionamento deste tipo de veículo. Para um estado da arte informativo, são mapeadas as teorias da responsabilidade construídas hoje em casos de danos provocados, em algum grau, por tecnologias autônomas, nos Estados Unidos (local do acidente-parâmetro) e em Portugal, em âmbito de direito civil e de direito penal. São também analisados os dilemas ético-morais da programação e apresentada uma proposta de critérios decisórios de escolha, através da Filosofia Moral. Por meio de conceitos interdisciplinares e jurídico-propedêuticos, nomeadamente da filosofia, história e sociologia, a responsabilidade jurídica é estudada, especialmente quanto aos elementos de reparação e punição. Propomos, por fim, uma Responsabilidade Jurídica Justa, que pretende ser uma possibilidade de resposta futura aos mencionados acidentes, quando os VAs já sejam completamente autônomos, visando mais a reparação do que a retribuição ou punição. Acreditamos ser essa uma resposta eficaz sob o ponto de vista eminentemente utilitarista (consequencialista). Alguns esforços de adaptação teórica às tradicionais formas de responsabilizar serão necessários, mas a mudança de paradigma proposta poderá auxiliar a responder aos desafios impostos pelos VAs sem que haja, por um lado, uma resposta jurídica defasada, ou, por outro, uma hercúlea ginástica hermenêutica disruptiva.
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) represent a novel and emerging technology. This reality of artificial intelligence poses challenges to legal responsibility, notably regarding the capacity to respond when an AV causes an accident resulting in death or physical harm to a human. This exploratory research aims to study legal responsibility across its various dimensions to: i) outline responses to the legal issue of AV-induced accidents; and ii) assist in framing the aforementioned issue, particularly by identifying challenges. Commencing with an in-depth analysis of a specific case (Hezberg - the initial incident where a pedestrian was struck and killed by an AV), statistical data on AV-induced accidents and technical-scientific concepts of Artificial Intelligence are presented to comprehend the functioning of such vehicles. To provide an informative state-of-the-art overview, this research maps existing theories of responsibility established in cases involving damages caused, to some degree, by autonomous technologies in the United States (the location of the benchmark accident) and in Portugal, within the realms of civil law and criminal law. Ethical and moral dilemmas of programming are also examined, alongside a proposal outlining decision-making criteria through Moral Philosophy. Utilizing interdisciplinary and legal-preparatory concepts, particularly from philosophy, history, and sociology, legal responsibility is examined, specifically concerning elements of reparation and punishment. Lastly, a proposition for a Just Legal Responsibility is offered, aiming to potentially address future incidents involving AVs when they are fully autonomous, prioritizing reparation over retribution or punishment. We believe this to be an effective response from an eminently utilitarian (consequentialist) perspective. While some theoretical adaptation to traditional forms of accountability will be necessary, the proposed paradigm shift may assist in meeting the challenges posed by AVs without either an outdated legal response or an overly disruptive hermeneutic gymnastics.
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) represent a novel and emerging technology. This reality of artificial intelligence poses challenges to legal responsibility, notably regarding the capacity to respond when an AV causes an accident resulting in death or physical harm to a human. This exploratory research aims to study legal responsibility across its various dimensions to: i) outline responses to the legal issue of AV-induced accidents; and ii) assist in framing the aforementioned issue, particularly by identifying challenges. Commencing with an in-depth analysis of a specific case (Hezberg - the initial incident where a pedestrian was struck and killed by an AV), statistical data on AV-induced accidents and technical-scientific concepts of Artificial Intelligence are presented to comprehend the functioning of such vehicles. To provide an informative state-of-the-art overview, this research maps existing theories of responsibility established in cases involving damages caused, to some degree, by autonomous technologies in the United States (the location of the benchmark accident) and in Portugal, within the realms of civil law and criminal law. Ethical and moral dilemmas of programming are also examined, alongside a proposal outlining decision-making criteria through Moral Philosophy. Utilizing interdisciplinary and legal-preparatory concepts, particularly from philosophy, history, and sociology, legal responsibility is examined, specifically concerning elements of reparation and punishment. Lastly, a proposition for a Just Legal Responsibility is offered, aiming to potentially address future incidents involving AVs when they are fully autonomous, prioritizing reparation over retribution or punishment. We believe this to be an effective response from an eminently utilitarian (consequentialist) perspective. While some theoretical adaptation to traditional forms of accountability will be necessary, the proposed paradigm shift may assist in meeting the challenges posed by AVs without either an outdated legal response or an overly disruptive hermeneutic gymnastics.
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Keywords
Responsabilidade jurídica Veículos autônomos Legal responsibility Autonomous vehicles