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A extensão da convenção de arbitragem a terceiros não-signatários no âmbito dos grupos de sociedades
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A extensão da convenção de arbitragem a terceiros não-signatários é uma temática bastante debatida. A junção desta temática com grupos de sociedades resulta numa nova perspetiva que merece ser analisada tanto à luz do direito arbitral, como à luz do direito societário. A própria questão do consentimento adota uma dimensão especial quando, numa transação internacional complexa, uma ou mais sociedades são parte do mesmo grupo de sociedades.
Assim, urge fazer-se a análise das doutrinas, desenvolvidas na arbitragem internacional, que responderam a esta nova perspetiva arbitral. Doutrinas essas que são bastantes inovadoras, controversas e, em certos casos, muito úteis. Neste âmbito, as teorias “piercing the corporate veil”, grupo de sociedades e estoppel serão estudadas em detalhe.
A análise dos seus requisitos de aplicação permite fazer distinções e encontrar aquilo que as individualizam. De notar que estes requisitos podem mudar ligeiramente de um país para outro. Aliás, muitas jurisdições nem sequer aceitam certas doutrinas. Assim, pretende-se também conjugar as particularidades de cada doutrina com as particularidades de alguns países que, de uma forma ou de outra, contribuíram para o progresso das mesmas. Neste processo, o ordenamento jurídico português estará, naturalmente, em destaque. Dar-se-á ênfase à aceitação das ditas doutrinas em Portugal, assim como à maneira como os tribunais lidam com as mesmas. O “implied consent”, como veremos, tem relevância em Portugal e por isso será analisado em conjunto com a jurisprudência portuguesa.
Impõe-se também uma delimitação do objeto de estudo, dando-se foco à distinção entre extensão e transmissão da convenção de arbitragem que, como se verá, não são uma e a mesma coisa.
Por fim, adotar-se-á uma posição quanto às teorias através de toda a informação recolhida durante o trabalho, assim como uma posição quanto à jurisprudência portuguesa.
The extension of the arbitration agreement to non-signatory third parties is a highly debated topic. The combination of this theme with groups of companies results in a new perspective that deserves to be analyzed both in the light of arbitration law and in the light of corporate law. The issue of consent itself takes on a special dimension when, in a complex international transaction, one or more companies are part of the same group of companies. Thus, there is a need to analyze the doctrines, developed in international arbitration, which responded to this new arbitration perspective. These doctrines are quite innovative, controversial and, in some cases, very useful. In this context, the theories piercing thec orporate veil, group of companies and estoppel will be studied in detail. The analysis of the requirements of each doctrine allows us to make distinctions and find what sets them apart. Note that these requirements may change slightly from one country to another. In fact, many jurisdictions do not even accept certain doctrines. Thus, we also intend to combine the particularities of each doctrine with the particularities of some countries that, in one way or another, contributed to their progress. In this process, the Portuguese legal system will naturally be highlighted. Emphasis will be placed on the acceptance of said doctrines in Portugal, as well as on the way the courts deal with them. “Implied consent”, as we will see, has been presented in Portugal and for this reason it will be analyzed together with the Portuguese jurisprudence. It’s also important to focuse on the distinction between extension and transmission of the arbitration agreement which, as will be seen, are not the same thing. Finally, a position on these theories will be adopted through all the information collected during the paper, as well as a position on how the Portuguese jurisprudence approaches these topics.
The extension of the arbitration agreement to non-signatory third parties is a highly debated topic. The combination of this theme with groups of companies results in a new perspective that deserves to be analyzed both in the light of arbitration law and in the light of corporate law. The issue of consent itself takes on a special dimension when, in a complex international transaction, one or more companies are part of the same group of companies. Thus, there is a need to analyze the doctrines, developed in international arbitration, which responded to this new arbitration perspective. These doctrines are quite innovative, controversial and, in some cases, very useful. In this context, the theories piercing thec orporate veil, group of companies and estoppel will be studied in detail. The analysis of the requirements of each doctrine allows us to make distinctions and find what sets them apart. Note that these requirements may change slightly from one country to another. In fact, many jurisdictions do not even accept certain doctrines. Thus, we also intend to combine the particularities of each doctrine with the particularities of some countries that, in one way or another, contributed to their progress. In this process, the Portuguese legal system will naturally be highlighted. Emphasis will be placed on the acceptance of said doctrines in Portugal, as well as on the way the courts deal with them. “Implied consent”, as we will see, has been presented in Portugal and for this reason it will be analyzed together with the Portuguese jurisprudence. It’s also important to focuse on the distinction between extension and transmission of the arbitration agreement which, as will be seen, are not the same thing. Finally, a position on these theories will be adopted through all the information collected during the paper, as well as a position on how the Portuguese jurisprudence approaches these topics.
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Palavras-chave
Direito da arbitragem Convenção de arbitragem Grupos de sociedades Direito das sociedades Teses de mestrado - 2021