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Resumo(s)
Um dos maiores impactos na vida dos sobreviventes de um Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC)
consiste no surgimento de disfunções motoras, nomeadamente na alteração da marcha. Esta passa a
assumir um padrão hemiparético, com paresia do corpo no lado contralateral à da lesão cerebral. Estes
pacientes apresentam pouca sensibilidade no seu controlo motor, velocidade de marcha reduzida e
espasticidade nos membros inferiores, diminuindo a sua autonomia e independência.
É assim importante a aplicação de técnicas de reabilitação que se foquem nas necessidades
especificas de cada paciente. A eletromiografia (EMG) apresenta-se como a única ferramenta que
permite a definição dos padrões alterados de função muscular que contribuem para as diferenças da
marcha específicas de cada paciente. Apesar de se poder analisar estes dados tanto no domínio do tempo
como no da frequência, é comum fazer-se a análise apenas para a componente temporal.
Este trabalho procura introduzir a componente de análise EMG no domínio da frequência de um
modo intuitivo e quantitativo, através do traçado da densidade espetral (DE) e do cálculo de parâmetros
(potência total e a frequência maximizante) em ambiente clínico. Foram ainda analisados os dados
relativos ao músculo gastrocnémio externo, hamstring lateral (bicípite femoral) e tibial anterior de 13
pacientes hemiparéticos e 13 indivíduos saudáveis.
Através dos traçados da DE verificaram-se menores valores de potência em pacientes hemiparéticos
quando comparados com os do grupo de controlo, apesar de geralmente manterem a forma. Existem
situações com presença de padrões erráticos anormais nos pacientes hemiparéticos, independentemente
do lado afetado. Estes apresentam ainda menos simetrias entre membros e entre fases da marcha, e mais
dispersão nos parâmetros em estudo. Existe uma diminuição da frequência maximizante nos dois
membros, exceto no caso do músculo tibial anterior. Não foi verificada correlação entre os parâmetros
estudados e a escala de medição do tónus muscular utilizada.
One of the biggest impacts on the life of stroke survivors is the appearance of motor disfunctions, mainly in terms of gait changes. They take on an hemiparetic pattern, with paresis on the side opposing the cerebral lesion. These patients present little sensitivity on their motor control, reduced gait velocity, and spasticity in the lower limbs, which reduces their autonomy and independence. It is important to apply rehabilitation techniques that focus on the individual necessities of each patient. Electromyography (EMG) presents itself as the only tool that allows the definition of the altered muscle patterns that contribute to the specific changes in gait of each patient. Even though it is possible to analyze EMG data both on the time and frequency domain, it is common to only proceed with the time-based analysis. This work looks to introduce the frequency component of EMG analysis in an intuitive and quantitative way, with both the plot of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) and the computation of different parameters (total power and maximizing frequency) in a clinical environment. The data of 13 hemiparetic patients and 13 healthy subjects regarding various muscles (gastrocnemius lateral, hamstring lateral, and tibialis anterior) was analyzed. With the PSD plots it is possible to verify lower power values in hemiparetic patients when compared with the control group, even though generally the shape of the graphs is similar. There are situations where hemiparetic patients present abnormally erratic patterns, regardless of the paresis side. Overall, hemiparetic patients present less symmetries between members and between phases of gait, and more dispersion between values. There’s a reduction on the value of maximizing frequency in both members, except in the case of the muscle tibialis anterior. A correlation between the studied parameters and the currently used scale of muscular tonus wasn’t verified.
One of the biggest impacts on the life of stroke survivors is the appearance of motor disfunctions, mainly in terms of gait changes. They take on an hemiparetic pattern, with paresis on the side opposing the cerebral lesion. These patients present little sensitivity on their motor control, reduced gait velocity, and spasticity in the lower limbs, which reduces their autonomy and independence. It is important to apply rehabilitation techniques that focus on the individual necessities of each patient. Electromyography (EMG) presents itself as the only tool that allows the definition of the altered muscle patterns that contribute to the specific changes in gait of each patient. Even though it is possible to analyze EMG data both on the time and frequency domain, it is common to only proceed with the time-based analysis. This work looks to introduce the frequency component of EMG analysis in an intuitive and quantitative way, with both the plot of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) and the computation of different parameters (total power and maximizing frequency) in a clinical environment. The data of 13 hemiparetic patients and 13 healthy subjects regarding various muscles (gastrocnemius lateral, hamstring lateral, and tibialis anterior) was analyzed. With the PSD plots it is possible to verify lower power values in hemiparetic patients when compared with the control group, even though generally the shape of the graphs is similar. There are situations where hemiparetic patients present abnormally erratic patterns, regardless of the paresis side. Overall, hemiparetic patients present less symmetries between members and between phases of gait, and more dispersion between values. There’s a reduction on the value of maximizing frequency in both members, except in the case of the muscle tibialis anterior. A correlation between the studied parameters and the currently used scale of muscular tonus wasn’t verified.
Descrição
Tese mestrado integrado, Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica (Engenharia Clínica e Instrumentação Médica), 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências
Palavras-chave
Acidente Muscular Cerebral Hemiparesia Análise da Marcha Eletromiografia Densidade Espetral Teses de mestrado - 2022
