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A proteção de denunciantes de corrupção e criminalidade conexa
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A constatação de que a corrupção e a criminalidade conexa constituem perigosos fatores de corrosão das estruturas sociais, económicas e políticas dos Estados, contribuindo, em última instância, para a desconfiança geral dos cidadãos no Estado de Direito Democrático, exige respostas que se adaptem à crescente complexidade destes crimes e, bem assim, ao desenvolvimento tecnológico permanente.
A denúncia, embora seja um instrumento antigo de prevenção, deteção e investigação de crimes, assume particular relevância quanto a este tipo de criminalidade, seja devido ao acesso privilegiado aos factos que o denunciante pode ter, seja devido à natureza sigilosa dos crimes em questão. Contudo, é frequente o denunciante colocar-se numa situação de risco pessoal e/ou profissional, em que pode sofrer retaliações decorrentes da apresentação da denúncia.
A proteção de denunciantes é um tema amplamente estudado a nível internacional e europeu, existindo inúmeras fontes, sejam do foro judicial, sejam do foro institucional, que apontam para a urgência da necessidade de proteção destas pessoas. O Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem estabeleceu jurisprudência no sentido de dar prevalência ao interesse público que a denúncia de corrupção e crimes conexos reveste, ao passo que o Parlamento Europeu e o Conselho da Europa recomendam aos Estados-Membros a adoção de legislação abrangente sobre proteção de denunciantes. Também é esta a posição de organizações como a OCDE ou mesmo da sociedade civil, como a Transparency International.
Torna-se assim necessário estudar o regime das denúncias e da proteção de denunciantes em Portugal, tendo sempre em conta a dimensão marcadamente internacional e europeia desta matéria. Que tipos de denunciantes existem? Têm todos os mesmos direitos? Existem mecanismos de proteção de denunciantes? Se sim, como funcionam? Quais as tendências jurisprudenciais nesta matéria? Quais as recomendações das instituições que se debruçam sobre o tema? Tentaremos dar resposta a estas e outras questões neste trabalho.
The finding that corruption and related crime constitute a dangerous corrosion of the social, economic and political structures of States, ultimately contributing to the general distrust of citizens in the rule of law, requires appropriate responses to the growing complexity of these crimes, as well as to the permanent technological development. Denunciation, although an old instrument for the prevention, detection and investigation of crimes, is of particular relevance to this type of delinquency, either because of privileged access to facts that the whistleblower may have or because of the secrecy of the crimes in question. However, the whistleblower frequently places himself in a situation of personal and/or professional risk, where he may suffer retaliation arising from the submission of the complaint. The protection of whistleblowers is a subject widely studied at international and European level. There are numerous sources, both from the judicial and institutional levels, which point to the urgent need to protect these people. The European Court of Human Rights has established case law to give prominence to the public interest that the complaint of corruption and related crimes has, whereas the European Parliament and the Council of Europe recommend to Member States the adoption of comprehensive legislation on protecting whistleblowers. This is also the position of organizations such as Transparency International or the OECD. It is therefore necessary to study the system of reports and the protection of whistleblowers in Portugal, taking into account the markedly international and European dimension of this matter. What types of whistleblowers are there? Do they all have the same rights? Are there mechanisms for protecting whistleblowers? If so, how do they work? What are the trends in national case law? We will try to answer these and other questions in this work.
The finding that corruption and related crime constitute a dangerous corrosion of the social, economic and political structures of States, ultimately contributing to the general distrust of citizens in the rule of law, requires appropriate responses to the growing complexity of these crimes, as well as to the permanent technological development. Denunciation, although an old instrument for the prevention, detection and investigation of crimes, is of particular relevance to this type of delinquency, either because of privileged access to facts that the whistleblower may have or because of the secrecy of the crimes in question. However, the whistleblower frequently places himself in a situation of personal and/or professional risk, where he may suffer retaliation arising from the submission of the complaint. The protection of whistleblowers is a subject widely studied at international and European level. There are numerous sources, both from the judicial and institutional levels, which point to the urgent need to protect these people. The European Court of Human Rights has established case law to give prominence to the public interest that the complaint of corruption and related crimes has, whereas the European Parliament and the Council of Europe recommend to Member States the adoption of comprehensive legislation on protecting whistleblowers. This is also the position of organizations such as Transparency International or the OECD. It is therefore necessary to study the system of reports and the protection of whistleblowers in Portugal, taking into account the markedly international and European dimension of this matter. What types of whistleblowers are there? Do they all have the same rights? Are there mechanisms for protecting whistleblowers? If so, how do they work? What are the trends in national case law? We will try to answer these and other questions in this work.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Processo penal Corrupção Denúncia Protecção Teses de mestrado - 2019