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Entre a caridade e a filantropia : asilo montemorense da infância desvalida (1876/1975)
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Finda a Guerra Civil (1834) surgiram novos olhares sobre a educação, tentando universalizá-la como forma de combater o analfabetismo. No entanto, a realidade não espelharia esta onda reformista. O miserabilismo acentuava-se sendo, por vezes, atenuado com o recurso ao contrabando e aos assaltos/pilhagens, tão frequentes nesta vila de Montemor-o-Novo. Na Roda era cada vez maior o número de crianças ai depositado e, nas ruas, os pedintes menores aumentavam. Vivia-se, em meados do século XIX, com uma grande concentração de áreas rurais nas mãos dos latifundiários do Sul, mais precisamente no Alentejo. O nível cultural era muito baixo, assim como a produção agrícola. Enquanto na Europa a revolução industrial era já uma realidade, por cá o atraso acentuava-se e o concelho de Montemor-o-Novo não era exceção. Tentando responder à onda filantrópica que se vivia, alguns montemorenses fundaram, em 1876, o Asilo Montemorense de Infância Desvalida (A.M.I.D.). Este propunha-se tirar das ruas algumas crianças, entaipando-as, evitando assim que perturbassem o quotidiano do burgo. Ao financiarem instituições de solidariedade ou de caráter científico, os filantropos procuravam e conseguiam retirar destes investimentos lucros e mordomias. Falar do Asilo é falar de Joaquim José Faísca. Benemérito fundador, rapidamente passou de cidadão com poucas posses a grande proprietário e detentor de avultada fortuna, feita à custa de elevados juros cobrados a empréstimos monetários. Com a implementação de uma nova ordem histórica, a República (1910), e apesar das expetativas criadas, muito pouco foi alterado no campo da educação. Nas direções do Asilo foram surgindo novos protagonistas (maçons e membros do Partido Republicano) que chamaram a si a gestão desta casa, durante largos anos. O nascer do ideal filantrópico, com a revolução liberal, e o crescer da laicização do ensino, com a república, levaram a que um positivismo organizado, caso da maçonaria, se empenhasse na assistência aos de baixo, retirando vantagens pessoais. Com o terminar da I Grande Guerra (1914/18) a vida dos montemorenses tornara-se um verdadeiro inferno. O mercado negro crescia e o contrabando com Espanha atingia proporções inigualáveis. Chegados a 1929, a grande depressão veio agravar o que era impensável poder ser agravado. O número de crianças asiladas aumentou consideravelmente. Se 1876, ano da inauguração da instituição, eram em número de 5, em 1918 eram 17 e no final de 1929 já estavam contabilizadas 54, entre internas e porcionistas. O quotidiano estava recheado de enormes dificuldades e a II Grande Guerra (1939/45) veio aumentar ainda mais a precariedade da vida intra e extramuros. Com o século XX já a meio (1962) esta casa foi entregue a uma instituição religiosa que a geriu até 1975, data do seu encerramento. Ao cotejar o acervo e a imprensa periódica local, procurei construir uma narrativa histórico-biográfica, assente no debate semântico entre os conceitos de caridade e filantropia e com a ajuda de autores de referência (Fernandes, Fonseca, Foucault, Goffman, Magalhães, Mattoso, Novoa, Ó, Pintassilgo…), tentei adquirir um conhecimento holístico desta casa asilar.
At the end of Civil War (1834) new looks on education emerged, trying to universalize it as a way to combat illiteracy. However, the reality would not reflect this reform wave. The miserabilism, it is emphasized being sometimes attenuated by the use of smuggling and assaults/plundering, frequent in this town of Montemor-o-Novo. At the Roda an increasing number of children there placed and in the streets, the smaller beggars increased. In the mid-19th century with a large concentration of rural areas in the hands of the southern landowners, more precisely in the Alentejo The cultural level was very low, as well as agricultural production. While in Europe the Industrial revolution was already a reality, here the delay was accentuated and the county of the Montemor-O-Novo was no exception. Trying to respond to the philanthropic wave lived then, some montemorenses founded, in 1876, the Asilo Montemorense da Infância Desvalida (A.M.I.D.). Proposing to take some children out of the streets, isolating them “between boards” thereby preventing them from disrupting the village's everyday life. By financing institutions of solidarity or scientific character, philanthropists, sought and succeeded, withdrawing from these investments profits and stewardship. Talking about the asylum is talking about Joaquim José Faísca. A meritious founder, he quickly went from a citizen with few possessions to the great owner and keeper of substantial wealth, made at the expense of high interest charged to monetary loans. With the implementation of a new historical order, the Republic (1910), and despite the expectations created, very little has been altered in the field of education. At the directions of the asylum were emerging new protagonists (Freemasons and members of the Republican Party) who have called themselves the management of this house for several long years. The birth of the philanthropic ideal, with the liberal revolution, and the growing of the secularisation of education, with the Republic, led to an organised positivism, case of Freemasonry, to strive to assist the lower ones removing personal advantages. With the end of the I Great War (1914/18) the life of the montemorenses became a real hell. The black market was growing and smuggling with Spain had reached unparalleled proportions. Arriving at 1929, the Great Depression turn to worsen what was unthinkable to be aggravated. The number of children at the asylum raised considerably. If 1876, year of the inauguration of the institution, were in number of 5, in 1918 were 17 and at the end of 1929 were already counted 54, between charity and sponsered. Everyday life was filled with enormous difficulties and the II Great War (1939/45) came to further increase the precariousness of life intra and extra walls. With the 20th century already halfway (1962) this house is handed over to a religious institution that managed it until 1975, the date of its closure. Ascertaining the acquis and the local periodic press, I sought to build a historicalbiographical narrative, based on the semantic debate between the concepts of charity and philanthropy and with the help of reference authors (Fernandes, Fonseca, Foucault, Goffman, Magalhães, Mattoso, Nóvoa, Ó, Pintassilgo...), I tried to acquire a holistic knowledge of this house asylum.
At the end of Civil War (1834) new looks on education emerged, trying to universalize it as a way to combat illiteracy. However, the reality would not reflect this reform wave. The miserabilism, it is emphasized being sometimes attenuated by the use of smuggling and assaults/plundering, frequent in this town of Montemor-o-Novo. At the Roda an increasing number of children there placed and in the streets, the smaller beggars increased. In the mid-19th century with a large concentration of rural areas in the hands of the southern landowners, more precisely in the Alentejo The cultural level was very low, as well as agricultural production. While in Europe the Industrial revolution was already a reality, here the delay was accentuated and the county of the Montemor-O-Novo was no exception. Trying to respond to the philanthropic wave lived then, some montemorenses founded, in 1876, the Asilo Montemorense da Infância Desvalida (A.M.I.D.). Proposing to take some children out of the streets, isolating them “between boards” thereby preventing them from disrupting the village's everyday life. By financing institutions of solidarity or scientific character, philanthropists, sought and succeeded, withdrawing from these investments profits and stewardship. Talking about the asylum is talking about Joaquim José Faísca. A meritious founder, he quickly went from a citizen with few possessions to the great owner and keeper of substantial wealth, made at the expense of high interest charged to monetary loans. With the implementation of a new historical order, the Republic (1910), and despite the expectations created, very little has been altered in the field of education. At the directions of the asylum were emerging new protagonists (Freemasons and members of the Republican Party) who have called themselves the management of this house for several long years. The birth of the philanthropic ideal, with the liberal revolution, and the growing of the secularisation of education, with the Republic, led to an organised positivism, case of Freemasonry, to strive to assist the lower ones removing personal advantages. With the end of the I Great War (1914/18) the life of the montemorenses became a real hell. The black market was growing and smuggling with Spain had reached unparalleled proportions. Arriving at 1929, the Great Depression turn to worsen what was unthinkable to be aggravated. The number of children at the asylum raised considerably. If 1876, year of the inauguration of the institution, were in number of 5, in 1918 were 17 and at the end of 1929 were already counted 54, between charity and sponsered. Everyday life was filled with enormous difficulties and the II Great War (1939/45) came to further increase the precariousness of life intra and extra walls. With the 20th century already halfway (1962) this house is handed over to a religious institution that managed it until 1975, the date of its closure. Ascertaining the acquis and the local periodic press, I sought to build a historicalbiographical narrative, based on the semantic debate between the concepts of charity and philanthropy and with the help of reference authors (Fernandes, Fonseca, Foucault, Goffman, Magalhães, Mattoso, Nóvoa, Ó, Pintassilgo...), I tried to acquire a holistic knowledge of this house asylum.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento, Educação (História da Educação), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2018
Palavras-chave
Teses de doutoramento - 2018