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A Cultura de Voto nas Instituições Associativas do Antigo Regime: Corte e Estremadura, 1698-1820
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Central na concepção atual de democracia, o princípio maioritário conheceu algumas
das suas raízes pré-ideológicas nas práticas de voto das instituições associativas
portuguesas do Antigo Regime, nomeadamente as confrarias (ou irmandades) de leigos
e também as academias. Em relação às primeiras, um critério contemporâneo baseado
na liberdade de inscrição distinguia as irmandades obrigatórias - as irmandades dos
ofícios - das irmandades voluntárias - as irmandades devocionais. Estas últimas são, à
partida, aquelas que tiveram maior autorregulação e, portanto, aquelas em que
prevaleceram os procedimentos de voto deliberativo e eleitoral. De modo especial, as
confrarias experimentaram grande profusão nos séculos XVII e XVIII, envolvendo
grande parte da população. Junto com as academias literárias e científicas (também de
inscrição voluntária), essas são as instituições associativas da era moderna de que
preferencialmente se irá tratar na presente dissertação.
Tem-se em apreço o período conhecido como "monarquia absoluta",
convencionalmente delimitado entre as cortes portuguesas de 1698 e 1820. A partir de
fontes obtidas do espaço geográfico de Lisboa e Estremadura, encontrar-se-ão as formas
de decisão coletiva que foram observadas nas instituições associativas em análise, a sua
cultura corporativa de voto, na qual estiveram presentes algumas das pré-condições que
permitiram o alvorecer da ideologia liberal e da revolução portuguesa de 1820.
Esta investigação pretende fornecer referências históricas para o atual debate público
sobre a erosão dos sistemas democráticos tradicionais, lembrando que existia uma
cultura de voto ainda antes do surgimento da Monarquia Constitucional Portuguesa,
pelo que o conceito de democracia não deve ser tomado como estático, pois se refere a
uma realidade evolutiva.
Central to the current conception of democracy, the majority principle knew some of its pre-ideological roots in the voting practices of the Portuguese associative institutions of the Ancien Régime, namely the Confraternities (or Brotherhoods) of laymen and also the Academies. With respect to the former, a coeval criterion based on the freedom of enrollment distinguished the compulsory Brotherhoods - the Brotherhoods of crafts - of the voluntary Brotherhoods - the devotional Confraternities. The latter are, at the outset, those that had greater self-regulation and, therefore, those in which the deliberative and electoral voting procedures prevailed. Notably, the Confraternities experienced a great profusion in the 17th and 18th centuries, involving a large part of the population. Together with the literary and scientific Academies (also of voluntary enrollment), these are the associative institutions of the modern age that we shall address in our thesis. This study relates to the period known as "absolute monarchy", conventionally delimited between the Portuguese courts of 1698 and 1820. Based on sources obtained from the geographical space of Lisbon and Estremadura, we will find the forms of collective decision that were observed in the associative institutions under analysis, its corporate culture of voting, in which some of the preconditions that would allow the dawn of the liberal ideology and the Portuguese revolution of 1820 were present. This research aims to provide historical references for the current public debate on the erosion of the traditional democratic systems, by reminding that a culture of vote was there even before the establishment of the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy, so the concept of democracy should not be taken as static since it refers to an evolutionary reality.
Central to the current conception of democracy, the majority principle knew some of its pre-ideological roots in the voting practices of the Portuguese associative institutions of the Ancien Régime, namely the Confraternities (or Brotherhoods) of laymen and also the Academies. With respect to the former, a coeval criterion based on the freedom of enrollment distinguished the compulsory Brotherhoods - the Brotherhoods of crafts - of the voluntary Brotherhoods - the devotional Confraternities. The latter are, at the outset, those that had greater self-regulation and, therefore, those in which the deliberative and electoral voting procedures prevailed. Notably, the Confraternities experienced a great profusion in the 17th and 18th centuries, involving a large part of the population. Together with the literary and scientific Academies (also of voluntary enrollment), these are the associative institutions of the modern age that we shall address in our thesis. This study relates to the period known as "absolute monarchy", conventionally delimited between the Portuguese courts of 1698 and 1820. Based on sources obtained from the geographical space of Lisbon and Estremadura, we will find the forms of collective decision that were observed in the associative institutions under analysis, its corporate culture of voting, in which some of the preconditions that would allow the dawn of the liberal ideology and the Portuguese revolution of 1820 were present. This research aims to provide historical references for the current public debate on the erosion of the traditional democratic systems, by reminding that a culture of vote was there even before the establishment of the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy, so the concept of democracy should not be taken as static since it refers to an evolutionary reality.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Confrarias Irmandades Associações Antigo Regime Eleições Princípio Maioritário