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Mortality of elite athletes : an application to football players
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Os benefícios para a saúde resultantes da prática regular de exercício físico, de uma forma moderada, estão cientificamente comprovados. Contudo, quando se trata de uma abordagem sobre atletas profissionais, os benefícios deixam de ser uma clara evidência, surgindo por vezes sinais de alerta para os seus possíveis efeitos adversos. Para alimentar esta controvérsia, muito têm contribuído os estudos recentes que evidenciam anomalias e doenças cardiovasculares, bem como as frequentes lesões em atletas de elite.
É neste contexto que surge o principal objectivo deste trabalho: investigar se os atletas de elite vivem mais do que a população em geral. Após uma profunda revisão literária inicial relativa à mortalidade dos atletas de elite, procede-se a uma análise de sobrevivência que tem como foco dois grupos de jogadores de futebol profissionais.
Recolheram-se dados relativos à data de nascimento e morte dos jogadores portugueses e espanhóis que representaram a sua selecção, bem como de outras variáveis de interesse para o estudo. Cada grupo de jogadores é comparado com a população geral do respectivo país, usando dados disponíveis na Human Mortality Database, através da estimação de standardised mortality ratios e de curvas de sobrevivência. O years-lost method é também aplicado, fornecendo uma medida de longevidade dos referidos atletas de elite. Ainda é averiguado se a posição dos jogadores e o número de jogos na sua carreira afectam diferencialmente a mortalidade dos mesmos, através dos Cox Proportional Hazard Models. Por fim, as populações dos jogadores portugueses e espanhóis são comparadas entre si.
The health benefits of moderate regular physical activity have been clearly demonstrated and are widely consensual. However, there is a growing debate over the potential adverse effects of strenuous physical activity, particularly at a professional level. Recent findings of cardiovascular anomalies in elite athletes coupled with the high frequency of injuries have brought some sports under increased scrutiny. In this context, the main goal of this work is to investigate whether elite athletes live longer than the general population. After an initial review of the literature on elite athletes' mortality, a comprehensive survival analysis is applied to two populations of professional football players. Lifespan data and specific occupational variables of Portuguese and Spanish football players, who have represented their national teams in their career, were collected from recognized publicly available sources. Each cohort is then compared to the respective standard population, using available data in the Human Mortality Database, through the estimation of standardised mortality ratios and survival curves. The years-lost method is applied to provide a time dimension measure for these elite athletes' longevity. Furthermore, the association of position on the field and the number of games with overall mortality is accessed using Cox Proportional Hazard Models. At the end, a comparison between the mortality of Portuguese and Spanish football players is carried out.
The health benefits of moderate regular physical activity have been clearly demonstrated and are widely consensual. However, there is a growing debate over the potential adverse effects of strenuous physical activity, particularly at a professional level. Recent findings of cardiovascular anomalies in elite athletes coupled with the high frequency of injuries have brought some sports under increased scrutiny. In this context, the main goal of this work is to investigate whether elite athletes live longer than the general population. After an initial review of the literature on elite athletes' mortality, a comprehensive survival analysis is applied to two populations of professional football players. Lifespan data and specific occupational variables of Portuguese and Spanish football players, who have represented their national teams in their career, were collected from recognized publicly available sources. Each cohort is then compared to the respective standard population, using available data in the Human Mortality Database, through the estimation of standardised mortality ratios and survival curves. The years-lost method is applied to provide a time dimension measure for these elite athletes' longevity. Furthermore, the association of position on the field and the number of games with overall mortality is accessed using Cox Proportional Hazard Models. At the end, a comparison between the mortality of Portuguese and Spanish football players is carried out.
Descrição
Mestrado em Actuarial Science
Palavras-chave
atletas de elite mortalidade longevidade standardised mortality ratio curva de sobrevivência years-lost method Cox Proportional Hazard Models elite athletes mortality longevity survival curve
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Marques, Inês Filipa Costa (2018). "Mortality of elite athletes : an application to football players". Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Lisboa. Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão.
Editora
Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão