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O incumprimento dos contratos probatórios
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O presente estudo tem como propósito uma análise acerca do incumprimento dos contratos processuais probatórios. Os contratos de prova não são uma novidade, já que existem, pelo menos desde os novecentos. A análise desses negócios, na perspectiva do inadimplemento, é praticamente inexistente e mesmo com uma sucessão de leis a regular-lhes a constituição e a eficácia, nunca houve um espaço para que descumprimento dos pactos fosse objeto de regulação. Mesmo em não havendo previsão normativa a respeito do descumprimento dos contratos probatórios na esfera processual, poderá haver situações práticas em que esses negócios deixem de ser observados, durante a sua execução, que exigirão uma resposta jurídica devidamente clara a respeito. Assim, a partir da classificação e das modalidades de contratos probatórios, analisam-se as diversas possibilidades de inadimplemento que podem suceder durante a execução dos pactos, como a impossibilidade, o inadimplemento absoluto e relativo, o cumprimento defeituoso e a alteração das circunstâncias, bem como as consequências jurídicas que daí poderão advir às partes do negócio. Desse modo, em havendo o inadimplemento dos contratos probatórios, serão analisadas as possibilidades para se apurar as consequências do incumprimento, a partir do direito material e do direito processual, com prevalência à reconstituição natural, mas sem prejuízo de indenização por danos, podendo ser fixada uma cláusula penal, além de condenação por litigância de má-fé e aplicação de sanções pecuniárias compulsórias. Destaca-se, ainda, ponto que versa sobre os contratos probatórios em relação às partes e ao tribunal, quando será colocada em discussão a ideia de que em negócios processuais não se está diante de deveres ou obrigações de prestar. A partir dessa noção, coloca-se em xeque o uso da ação de cumprimento como meio de reação da parte que se vê confrontada com o incumprimento e propõe-se o uso da exceção processual dilatória, com algumas exceções. Na perspectiva do tribunal, que não participa da conclusão dos contratos probatórios, em regra, esses negócios serão analisados como algo similar aos contratos com eficácia de proteção para terceiros, cuja eficácia atinge o órgão decisor, que tem o dever de aplicar os contratos e poderá, inclusive, descumpri-los, quando julgar a causa.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the nonperformance of proof contracts. Proof contracts are not new, as they have been around since the nineteen hundred centuries. The analysis of these agreements, from the perspective of breaching, has always been practically non-existent and even with a succession of laws regulating their constitution and efficacy, there has never been a room for regulation of nonperformance of these contracts. Even if there is no normative provision regarding nonperformance of proof contracts, there may be practical situations in which these agreements are no longer performed, during their execution, which will require a duly clear legal response in this regard. Thus, based on the classification and modalities of proof contracts, the various possibilities of breaching that may occur during the execution of agreements are analyzed, such as impossibility to perform, substantial nonperformance or failure to perform, defective performance and unexpected circumstances, as well as the legal consequences that may result to the parties. Hence, in the event of nonperformance of the proof contracts, the possibilities to determine the consequences of breaching will be analyzed, based on material law and procedural law, but without prejudice to rights for damages, which may be fixed by a penal clause, in addition to conviction for litigation in bad faith and application of periodic penalty payments. Also noteworthy is the point that deals with proof contracts in relation to the parties and the court, when the idea that procedural contracts do not deal with duties or obligations to perform will be discussed. Based on this notion, the use of performance action is questioned as a means of reaction by the party that is confronted with the breaching, thus the use of the procedural exception is proposed, with some exclusions. From the perspective of the court, which does not participate in the conclusion of proof contracts, these agreements will be analyzed as something similar to contracts with protection for third parties, whose efficacy affects the court, which has the duty to apply the contracts and may even breach them, when adjudicating the case.
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the nonperformance of proof contracts. Proof contracts are not new, as they have been around since the nineteen hundred centuries. The analysis of these agreements, from the perspective of breaching, has always been practically non-existent and even with a succession of laws regulating their constitution and efficacy, there has never been a room for regulation of nonperformance of these contracts. Even if there is no normative provision regarding nonperformance of proof contracts, there may be practical situations in which these agreements are no longer performed, during their execution, which will require a duly clear legal response in this regard. Thus, based on the classification and modalities of proof contracts, the various possibilities of breaching that may occur during the execution of agreements are analyzed, such as impossibility to perform, substantial nonperformance or failure to perform, defective performance and unexpected circumstances, as well as the legal consequences that may result to the parties. Hence, in the event of nonperformance of the proof contracts, the possibilities to determine the consequences of breaching will be analyzed, based on material law and procedural law, but without prejudice to rights for damages, which may be fixed by a penal clause, in addition to conviction for litigation in bad faith and application of periodic penalty payments. Also noteworthy is the point that deals with proof contracts in relation to the parties and the court, when the idea that procedural contracts do not deal with duties or obligations to perform will be discussed. Based on this notion, the use of performance action is questioned as a means of reaction by the party that is confronted with the breaching, thus the use of the procedural exception is proposed, with some exclusions. From the perspective of the court, which does not participate in the conclusion of proof contracts, these agreements will be analyzed as something similar to contracts with protection for third parties, whose efficacy affects the court, which has the duty to apply the contracts and may even breach them, when adjudicating the case.
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Incumprimento dos contratos probatórios Consequências do incumprimento dos contratos probatórios Meios de reação ao incumprimento dos contratos probatórios Tutela específica do adimplemento dos contratos probatórios Nonperformance of proof contracts Consequences of nonperforming proof contracts Means of reaction for breaching of contracts Specific resolution to perform proof contracts