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Nanotecnologia e dispositivos médicos : biomateriais em ortopedia
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Os dispositivos médicos ortopédicos têm ajudado a restaurar a mobilidade, reduzir a dor e a conferir um grau de vida superior a milhões de indivíduos. Os biomateriais utilizados nos implantes ortopédicos (metais, cerâmicas, polímeros e compósitos) têm vindo a permitir o sucesso dos dispositivos médicos ortopédicos. Não obstante, estes implantes e a utilização de biomateriais convencionais apresentam algum tipo de risco que obriga a procura de alternativas de modo a reduzir estes riscos e a aumentar a função óssea após a implantação.
Nanotecnologia é o estudo, produção e manipulação de materiais a uma escala denominada de “nano”, isto é, materiais de tamanho inferior a 100 nm. A esta escala, o comportamento físico e mecânico dos materiais adquire novas propriedades e características (condutividade, ponto de fusão, por exemplo). Para além disto, a área de superfície dos materiais nanofásicos aumenta consideravelmente, quando comparadas com as contrapartes macro ou micro.
Conjugando as características dos biomateriais convencionais com as vantagens que a nanotecnologia acarreta, novas tecnologias e novos tipos de materiais têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos que não só apresentam um enorme sucesso, mas também promovem a integração óssea e o aumento da função das células envolvidas na regeneração óssea ou articulação lesada.
Orthopedic medical devices have helped to restore mobility, reduce pain and to give a higher degree of mobility to millions of people, with great success. Biomaterials used in orthopedic implants (metals, ceramics, polymers and composites) have allowed the great success of orthopedic medical devices. However, these implants and the use of conventional biomaterials have associated risks that requires the search for alternatives to reduce these problems and increase bone function after implantation. Nanotechnology is the study, the production and handling of materials at a nano scale, i.e., materials that present a size of less than 100 nm. At this scale, the physical and mechanical behavior of materials acquires new properties and characteristics (conductivity, melting point, for example). Furthermore, the surface area of nanaphase materials increases considerably as compared with their macro or micro counterparts. Combining the features of conventional biomaterials with the advantages that nanotechnology brings, new technologies and new types of materials have been developed that not only have a huge success, but also promote osseointegration and increased function of cells involved in the regeneration of the bone or of the damaged joint.
Orthopedic medical devices have helped to restore mobility, reduce pain and to give a higher degree of mobility to millions of people, with great success. Biomaterials used in orthopedic implants (metals, ceramics, polymers and composites) have allowed the great success of orthopedic medical devices. However, these implants and the use of conventional biomaterials have associated risks that requires the search for alternatives to reduce these problems and increase bone function after implantation. Nanotechnology is the study, the production and handling of materials at a nano scale, i.e., materials that present a size of less than 100 nm. At this scale, the physical and mechanical behavior of materials acquires new properties and characteristics (conductivity, melting point, for example). Furthermore, the surface area of nanaphase materials increases considerably as compared with their macro or micro counterparts. Combining the features of conventional biomaterials with the advantages that nanotechnology brings, new technologies and new types of materials have been developed that not only have a huge success, but also promote osseointegration and increased function of cells involved in the regeneration of the bone or of the damaged joint.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2016
Palavras-chave
Dispositivos médicos Ortopedia Biomateriais Metais Cerâmicas Polímeros Compósitos Nanotecnologia Integração óssea Mestrado Integrado - 2016