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A justiça constitucional e o exercício dos direitos fundamentais por parte dos grupos minoritários
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Neste trabalho, tentamos inquirir de que forma a Justiça Constitucional pode garantir os direitos fundamentais dos grupos minoritários nas sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas.
Nesse sentido, tomamos como pontos de partida importantes discussões acerca das tensões – nem sempre assumidas – entre estado de direito e democracia e da legitimidade da Justiça Constitucional. Assumindo uma concepção material de estado de direito, no qual os direitos fundamentais surgem como um freio à vontade ilimitada dos poderes democraticamente instituídos, o controle constitucional sobre atos e omissões estatais é reputado válido desde logo, restando tão somente discutir acerca de sua extensão. É aqui que toma operatividade a metáfora dos direitos fundamentais como trunfos contramajoritários, cunhada por Dworkin, e a teoria dos deveres estatais e suas respectivas reservas, trabalhada, dentre outros, por Jorge
Reis Novais. Igualmente, não se pode discutir direitos das minorias sem antes discutir quem de fato são as minorias e como se compreende a discriminação e o princípio da igualdade.
Para tanto, nos valemos da teoria das categorias suspeitas, tal como elaborada por John Hart Ely, ao tempo em que lançamos mão dos princípios constitucionais estruturantes para uma escorreita compreensão da igualdade como o princípio da igual dignidade. Em seguida, são analisados casos recentes e relevantes do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre minorias para, ao final, se oferecer um reforço metodológico de controle judicial no que respeita a ações e omissões estatais sobre direitos fundamentais dos grupos minoritários.
The objective of this work is to find out in what way Constitutional Justice can guarantee the fundamental rights of minorities in contemporary western societies. In this sense, we begin with important discussions around the tensions – not always recognized – between the ruleof - law and democracy, including the legitimacy of Constitutional Justice. Using a material conception of the rule-of-law, where fundamental rights act as a barrier to the unlimited will of the democratically established powers, the judicial review over the acts and omissions of the government is considered valid in advance, with the only possible question left relating to its limits. Here is where both Dworkin’s metaphor regarding fundamental rights as counter majoritarian trumps, and the theory of state duties and their respective reservations – theory supported, among others, by Jorge Reis Novais – can be very helpful. On the other hand, we cannot discuss minority rights without first establishing who the minorities actually are, and how discrimination and the principle of equality are understood. Therefore, it is worthwhile to apply the theory of suspect classifications elaborated by John Hart Ely and also to utilize the structural constitutional principles for a wide interpretation of equality as the principle of equal dignity. Finally, this work analyzes recent and relevant cases of the Brazilian Supreme Court involving minorities to offer a methodological support for judicial review over actions and omissions of the government regarding the fundamental rights of minority groups.
The objective of this work is to find out in what way Constitutional Justice can guarantee the fundamental rights of minorities in contemporary western societies. In this sense, we begin with important discussions around the tensions – not always recognized – between the ruleof - law and democracy, including the legitimacy of Constitutional Justice. Using a material conception of the rule-of-law, where fundamental rights act as a barrier to the unlimited will of the democratically established powers, the judicial review over the acts and omissions of the government is considered valid in advance, with the only possible question left relating to its limits. Here is where both Dworkin’s metaphor regarding fundamental rights as counter majoritarian trumps, and the theory of state duties and their respective reservations – theory supported, among others, by Jorge Reis Novais – can be very helpful. On the other hand, we cannot discuss minority rights without first establishing who the minorities actually are, and how discrimination and the principle of equality are understood. Therefore, it is worthwhile to apply the theory of suspect classifications elaborated by John Hart Ely and also to utilize the structural constitutional principles for a wide interpretation of equality as the principle of equal dignity. Finally, this work analyzes recent and relevant cases of the Brazilian Supreme Court involving minorities to offer a methodological support for judicial review over actions and omissions of the government regarding the fundamental rights of minority groups.
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Direitos fundamentais Direito constitucional Justiça constitucional Minorias Teses de mestrado - 2015