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Avaliação e melhoria do desempenho térmico na reabilitação de uma habitação familiar
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Atualmente, cerca de 80% do nosso tempo é passado dentro de edifícios, o que aliado ao aumento dos aparelhos elétricos que usamos e da exigência do nosso conforto, em Portugal cerca de 30% da energia consumida corresponde a edifícios. O edificado português é bastante antigo, cerca de 70% foi construído antes de 1990, início da introdução de legislação de comportamento térmico de edifícios em Portugal. Como tal, é importante proceder agora à reabilitação dos edifícios mais antigos de forma a melhorar o seu desempenho energético, a estarem em conformidade com a atual legislação e para diminuir a sua parcela de energia consumida em Portugal. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal o estudo e a melhoria do desempenho energético de um edifício de habitação que está a ser reabilitado. Para tal são usados dois métodos: o método quase-estacionário, usado pelo Regulamento de Desempenho Energético dos Edifícios de Habitação (REH) e a simulação dinâmica com recurso ao programa EnergyPlus. Em relação ao método quase-estacionário obteve-se para as necessidades anuais de energia útil para aquecimento o valor de 21.42kWh/m2.ano (inferior ao de referência que é 33.12kWh/m2.ano). Para as de arrefecimento, 25.14kWh/m2.ano (superior ao de referência que é 16.29kWh/m2.ano). O valor obtido das necessidades nominais anuais de energia primária foi 65.28kWh/m2.ano enquanto que o valor limite regulamentar obtido foi 84.58kWh/m2.ano. Com estes valores obteve-se um rácio RNT igual a 0.77, que corresponde à classe energética B-. Foi feito ainda um pequeno estudo acerca da influência do COP da bomba de calor com a classe energética, do qual se concluiu que esta é alterada a partir do COP igual a seis. Foram feitas quatro simulações, uma para comparar com o método quase-estacionário, duas mais realistas, em que se diferencia o intervalo de temperaturas desejadas (um é 18-25ºC e o segundo de acordo com o desejado pelos ocupantes reais da habitação é 21-22ºC) e a última é para estudar o comportamento térmico da habitação. Da primeira concluiu-se que existe uma grande discrepância nas cargas de aquecimento e arrefecimento nos dois métodos, a segunda é a que tem menores cargas porque tem um intervalo de temperaturas amplo, na terceira aumenta as cargas porque o intervalo diminuiu e da quarta simulação concluiu-se que conforme aumenta a exposição solar dos pisos, assim aumenta a temperatura interior. Foram estudadas cinco medidas de melhoria (toldos no verão, no piso superior do lado esquerdo, caixilharia de PVC em vez de alumínio, instalação de painéis fotovoltaicos e coletores solares e aparelhos de ar-condicionado com melhor EER). Em relação ao método quase estacionário, obteve-se 20.85kWh/m2.ano e 22.58kWh/m2.ano para as necessidades anuais de aquecimento e arrefecimento, respetivamente. As necessidades anuais de energia primária desceram para 44.16kWh/m2.ano e consequentemente o rácio desceu para 0.50, subindo para a classe A. Com a simulação observou-se um aumento da carga de aquecimento e uma diminuição da carga de arrefecimento, mas no geral, obteve-se sempre diminuição do total das cargas.
Nowadays, we spend about 80% of our time inside buildings, what allied with the increase of the electrical equipment’s we use and with the requirement of our comfort, in Portugal about 30% of energy consumption is because of the buildings. Portuguese buildings are very old, about 70% were built before 1990, when it began the introduction of the thermic behavior buildings legislation. So it’s important to proceed now to the rehabilitation of the oldest buildings to improve their energetic performance, to be in compliance with the actual legislation and to decrease its portion of energy consumption in Portugal This dissertation has for main objective the study and improvement of energetic performance of a residential building which is being rehabilitated. For that are used two methods: the quasi-stationary method, used by Regulamento de Desempenho Energético dos Edifícios de Habitação (REH) and the dynamic simulation with EnergyPlus. With the quasi-stationary method we got 21.42kWh/m2.year for the annual energy heating needs (below the reference: 33.12kWh/m2.ano) and for the annual energy cooling needs we got 25.14kWh/m2.year (over the reference: 16.29kWh/m2.year). The value obtained for the annual primary energy needs was 65.28kWh/m2.year, while the limit is 84.58kWh/m2.year. With these values was obtained an energetic ratio of 0.77, which is class B-. Was also made a little study about the influence of the heating pump’s COP with the energetic class, from which was concluded that this one is affected when the COP is equal or higher than six. Four simulations were made, one to compare with the quasi-stationary method, two more realistic, in which it differs the range of desired temperatures (one is 18-25ºC and the second according with the real occupants is 21-22ºC), the las tone is to study de thermal behaviour of the house. With the first we concluded that there’s a large difference in the heating and cooling loads in the two methods, the second is the one with the lowest loads because of the large range of temperatures, the third the loads increased because of the decrease of the range and the fourth simulation we conclude that with the increase of solar exposition, the interior temperature increases also. Were studied five improvement measures (sunshades on summer on the upper left side, PVC frames, instead aluminium, photovoltaic panels, solar collectors and better EER for air conditioning). For the quasi-stationary method, we got 20.85kWh/m2.year and 22.58kWh/m2.year for the annual energy heating and cooling needs respectively. The annual primary energy needs decreased for 44.16kWh/m2.year and the ratio also decreased to 0.50, and the class increased to A. With the simulation was obtained an increase of the heating load and a decrease on the cooling load, but on general there was a decrease on the loads total.
Nowadays, we spend about 80% of our time inside buildings, what allied with the increase of the electrical equipment’s we use and with the requirement of our comfort, in Portugal about 30% of energy consumption is because of the buildings. Portuguese buildings are very old, about 70% were built before 1990, when it began the introduction of the thermic behavior buildings legislation. So it’s important to proceed now to the rehabilitation of the oldest buildings to improve their energetic performance, to be in compliance with the actual legislation and to decrease its portion of energy consumption in Portugal This dissertation has for main objective the study and improvement of energetic performance of a residential building which is being rehabilitated. For that are used two methods: the quasi-stationary method, used by Regulamento de Desempenho Energético dos Edifícios de Habitação (REH) and the dynamic simulation with EnergyPlus. With the quasi-stationary method we got 21.42kWh/m2.year for the annual energy heating needs (below the reference: 33.12kWh/m2.ano) and for the annual energy cooling needs we got 25.14kWh/m2.year (over the reference: 16.29kWh/m2.year). The value obtained for the annual primary energy needs was 65.28kWh/m2.year, while the limit is 84.58kWh/m2.year. With these values was obtained an energetic ratio of 0.77, which is class B-. Was also made a little study about the influence of the heating pump’s COP with the energetic class, from which was concluded that this one is affected when the COP is equal or higher than six. Four simulations were made, one to compare with the quasi-stationary method, two more realistic, in which it differs the range of desired temperatures (one is 18-25ºC and the second according with the real occupants is 21-22ºC), the las tone is to study de thermal behaviour of the house. With the first we concluded that there’s a large difference in the heating and cooling loads in the two methods, the second is the one with the lowest loads because of the large range of temperatures, the third the loads increased because of the decrease of the range and the fourth simulation we conclude that with the increase of solar exposition, the interior temperature increases also. Were studied five improvement measures (sunshades on summer on the upper left side, PVC frames, instead aluminium, photovoltaic panels, solar collectors and better EER for air conditioning). For the quasi-stationary method, we got 20.85kWh/m2.year and 22.58kWh/m2.year for the annual energy heating and cooling needs respectively. The annual primary energy needs decreased for 44.16kWh/m2.year and the ratio also decreased to 0.50, and the class increased to A. With the simulation was obtained an increase of the heating load and a decrease on the cooling load, but on general there was a decrease on the loads total.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
Palavras-chave
Edifícios Reabilitação Melhor desempenho energético REH Simulação dinâmica Teses de mestrado - 2017