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Resumo(s)
As épocas glaciares ocorrem na Terra desde há vários milhões de anos com uma periodicidade de aproximadamente 100 mil anos, deixando marcas visíveis na crusta terrestre e provocando alterações na distribuição das massas no interior da Terra. A última época glacial terminou há aproximadamente 12 mil anos e o regresso ao estado de equilíbrio da crusta origina o Ajustamento Glaciar Isostático (AGI), Nesta dissertação são apresentadas novas estimativas para as velocidades verticais da crusta baseadas na análise de séries temporais GPS, com um máximo de de 11 anos de observação. As incertezas associadas a estas estimativas foram determinadas de modo a refletirem um valor realista, sendo possível obter as velocidades verticais com incertezas inferiores a 1 mm/ano. As velocidades e incertezas determinadas nesta dissertação foram comparadas com estimativas determinadas com GPS por outros investigadores para as referidas regiões. É também feita a comparação com as velocidades propostas por outras técnicas de observação geodésica, nomeadamente com as velocidades verticais resultantes de observações de marégrafos, de observações gravimétricas, de estimativas do satélite GRACE e das previsões dadas pelo modelo ICE-5G. Desta comparação foi possível observar que os padrões das velocidades verticais da crusta na Fennoscandia, apresentados nesta dissertação, são concordantes com os resultados dos trabalhos comparados, apesar desta dissertação apresentar globalmente incertezas menores. Na região do Canadá o padrão de soerguimento da crusta é ligeiramente diferente do apresentado por outros trabalhos, no entanto, verifica-se que a região de maior velocidade vertical da Crusta é a região Oeste da Baía de Hudson. Para a região da Antártica é observável a velocidade de soerguimento para a região Oeste da Antártica, que apresenta uma clara tendência de soerguimento, enquanto a região Este apresenta tendência de subsidência.
Ice ages have been occurring on Earth for several millions of years with a period of about 100 thousand years, leaving visible marks on the Earth's crust and making changes in the mass distribution in Earth's interior. The last ice age ended over 12 thousand years ago and since then the melting of the glaciers induces an uplift of the crust, denominated Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), In this dissertation it is presented new estimates for the vertical crustal velocities based in the analysis of GPS time series, with a maximum of 11 years of observations. The associated uncertainties were determined using the concept of realistic sigma, and their values are below 1 mm/year. The velocities and uncertainties presented in this dissertation were compared with the estimates determined by other researchers for the same regions. The comparison with the velocities proposed by other geodetic techniques is also performed, namely with the velocities resulting from tide gauge observations, gravity observations, estimates by GRACE, and with the velocities given by the ICE-5G model. In this comparison it was possible to observe that the patterns of vertical crustal velocities in Fennoscandia, presented in this dissertation are consistent with the results of the comparison, although this dissertation has globally smaller uncertainties. In the region of Canada the pattern of uplift of the crust is slightly different than in other studies, however, it appears that the region of greater vertical velocity of the crust is the region west of Hudson Bay. For the Antarctic region, the West Antarctic region shows a clear trend of uplift, whereas the eastern region has a subsidence trend.
Ice ages have been occurring on Earth for several millions of years with a period of about 100 thousand years, leaving visible marks on the Earth's crust and making changes in the mass distribution in Earth's interior. The last ice age ended over 12 thousand years ago and since then the melting of the glaciers induces an uplift of the crust, denominated Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA), In this dissertation it is presented new estimates for the vertical crustal velocities based in the analysis of GPS time series, with a maximum of 11 years of observations. The associated uncertainties were determined using the concept of realistic sigma, and their values are below 1 mm/year. The velocities and uncertainties presented in this dissertation were compared with the estimates determined by other researchers for the same regions. The comparison with the velocities proposed by other geodetic techniques is also performed, namely with the velocities resulting from tide gauge observations, gravity observations, estimates by GRACE, and with the velocities given by the ICE-5G model. In this comparison it was possible to observe that the patterns of vertical crustal velocities in Fennoscandia, presented in this dissertation are consistent with the results of the comparison, although this dissertation has globally smaller uncertainties. In the region of Canada the pattern of uplift of the crust is slightly different than in other studies, however, it appears that the region of greater vertical velocity of the crust is the region west of Hudson Bay. For the Antarctic region, the West Antarctic region shows a clear trend of uplift, whereas the eastern region has a subsidence trend.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Engenharia Geográfica, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2011
Palavras-chave
Alustamento glaciar isostático Geodesia espacial Glaciologia GPS Isostasia Teses de mestrado - 2011
