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Contributo da química forense na detecção de drogas de abuso
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Em Portugal e no resto do mundo, o consumo de drogas de abuso tem graves consequências quer ao nível de saúde pública, quer ao nível socio-económico. O conhecimento das drogas, bem como a sua história, evoluíu em paralelo com a história da humanidade, já que desde sempre fizeram parte da sua cultura, religião e relações humanas. O termo “droga” abrange uma grande variedade de significados. Por um lado, este termo, faz referência a um elevado número de substâncias com distintos efeitos sobre a percepção, pensamentos ou emoções e com diferente capacidade para produzir dependência. Por outro lado, reflecte diferentes significados para os que as consomem. De forma a combater o seu aumento de produção e consumo, entidades públicas, através da análise química de amostras apreendidas, obtêm informações importantes para o conhecimento destas substâncias enquanto drogas, nomeadamente a identificação e quantificação dos componentes minoritários, isto é, impurezas relacionadas com a sua origem e produção. Por outro lado, estes conhecimentos servem para controlar o consumo de drogas no ambiente de trabalho, em actividades desportivas e na prática forense. As drogas podem ser classificadas como drogas lícitas e ilícitas. São de origem natural, semi-sintética ou sintética, as quais, por sua vez, se podem classificar em substâncias estimulantes do sistema nervoso central (SNC), depressoras do SNC ou alucinogénicas. A análise de drogas de abuso, em matrizes biológicas, tem por finalidade detectar indícios de exposição ou consumo de substâncias tóxicas, existindo dois tipos de testes laboratoriais: os baseados em fluídos corporais e os baseados em amostras de queratina (cabelos ou pêlos). Os fluídos corporais possuem um período de detecção pequena, em média de 1 a 3 dias, dependendo da droga em análise, com excepção dos canabinóides que pode chegar aos 20 dias. Já as amostras de queratina possuem uma janela de detecção mais longa, que pode ser de anos. A escolha desta matriz dependerá do objectivo final da análise, no entanto verifica-se que o cabelo é especialmente útil quando se pretende um historial do consumo de drogas, por outro lado é o sangue que detecta o consumo mais recente de drogas. Já a urina é particularmente eficiente na detecção de canabinóides e a saliva apresenta-se como uma alternativa eficaz ás restantes matrizes, por apresentar altas concentrações de droga. As técnicas de análise toxicológica das drogas de abuso variam desde os clássicos métodos não instrumentais, como reacções volumétricas ou colorimétricas, até outros métodos mais sensíveis e com tecnologia mais avançada, como a cromatografia gasosa (GC) e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) acopladas à espectrometria de massa (MS). Em Portugal, a descriminalização do consumo de drogas, condicionou um aumento da reabilitação dos toxicodependentes, sem no entanto haver diminuição do consumo. A presente dissertação surge com o intuito de apresentar, através de revisão bibliográfica, as características principais das drogas de abuso mais consumidas em Portugal e no mundo, nomeadamente os seus mecanismos de acção e efeitos psicossociais. Paralelamente pretende-se verificar qual a matriz biológica mais eficaz, na detecção de cada uma das drogas de abuso, bem como o melhor método analítico para o efeito.
In Portugal and the rest of the world, the consumption of drugs of abuse has serious consequences both on public health and socio-economic level. The knowledge of drugs, as well as its history, evolved in parallel with the history of mankind, which has always been part of their culture, religion and human relations. The term "drug" reflects a wide range of meanings. On the one hand this evolution, references to a large number of substances with different effects on the perception, thoughts or emotions and with different capacity to produce dependency. On the other hand, reflects different meanings to those who consume them. In order to counteract this increase of production and consumption, public entities, through chemical analysis of confiscated samples, obtain important information for the knowledge of these substances as drugs, in particular the identification and quantification of the minority components, namely, impurities linked to their origin and production. On the other hand, serve to control the consumption of drugs in the workplace, in sports and even with forensic purpose The drugs can be classified as legal and illegal drugs of natural origin, semi-synthetic or synthetic, which, in turn, can be classified into the CNS stimulants, CNS depressants or hallucinogenic. The analysis of drugs of abuse, in biological matrices, aims to detect signs of exposure or toxic substances. There are two types of laboratory tests: those based on bodily fluids and those based on samples of keratin (hair or fur). The body fluids have a small detection window, on average 1 to 3 days depending on the drugs under review, with the exception of cannabinoids that can reach 20 days. Keratin samples have a longer detection window, which can reach years. The choice will depend on the ultimate goal of the analysis, however it turns out that the hair is especially useful when a history of drug use is desired, on the other hand blood detects the latest drug consumption. Urine is particularly effective in the detection of cannabinoids and the saliva is an effective alternative because it shows high concentrations of the drug. The techniques for toxicological analysis of drugs of abuse range from the classic non-instrumental methods such as volumetric or colorimetric reactions, to even more sensitive methods with more advanced technology, and can be single or coupled, as spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques (eg GC / MS and HPLC), verifying that the HPLC - MS is a technique that combines more advantages. In Portugal with the decriminalization of drug use, there was an increase in the rehabilitation of drug addicts, but there were no decrease in consumption. This thesis arises in order to present, through literature review, the main characteristics of abused drugs most consumed in Portugal and around the world, including their mechanisms of action and psychosocial effects, parallel aims to determine the biological matrix more effective, as well as the best method for this purpose.
In Portugal and the rest of the world, the consumption of drugs of abuse has serious consequences both on public health and socio-economic level. The knowledge of drugs, as well as its history, evolved in parallel with the history of mankind, which has always been part of their culture, religion and human relations. The term "drug" reflects a wide range of meanings. On the one hand this evolution, references to a large number of substances with different effects on the perception, thoughts or emotions and with different capacity to produce dependency. On the other hand, reflects different meanings to those who consume them. In order to counteract this increase of production and consumption, public entities, through chemical analysis of confiscated samples, obtain important information for the knowledge of these substances as drugs, in particular the identification and quantification of the minority components, namely, impurities linked to their origin and production. On the other hand, serve to control the consumption of drugs in the workplace, in sports and even with forensic purpose The drugs can be classified as legal and illegal drugs of natural origin, semi-synthetic or synthetic, which, in turn, can be classified into the CNS stimulants, CNS depressants or hallucinogenic. The analysis of drugs of abuse, in biological matrices, aims to detect signs of exposure or toxic substances. There are two types of laboratory tests: those based on bodily fluids and those based on samples of keratin (hair or fur). The body fluids have a small detection window, on average 1 to 3 days depending on the drugs under review, with the exception of cannabinoids that can reach 20 days. Keratin samples have a longer detection window, which can reach years. The choice will depend on the ultimate goal of the analysis, however it turns out that the hair is especially useful when a history of drug use is desired, on the other hand blood detects the latest drug consumption. Urine is particularly effective in the detection of cannabinoids and the saliva is an effective alternative because it shows high concentrations of the drug. The techniques for toxicological analysis of drugs of abuse range from the classic non-instrumental methods such as volumetric or colorimetric reactions, to even more sensitive methods with more advanced technology, and can be single or coupled, as spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques (eg GC / MS and HPLC), verifying that the HPLC - MS is a technique that combines more advantages. In Portugal with the decriminalization of drug use, there was an increase in the rehabilitation of drug addicts, but there were no decrease in consumption. This thesis arises in order to present, through literature review, the main characteristics of abused drugs most consumed in Portugal and around the world, including their mechanisms of action and psychosocial effects, parallel aims to determine the biological matrix more effective, as well as the best method for this purpose.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Química, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2013
Palavras-chave
Drogas de abuso Matrizes biológicas Análise toxicológica Legislação em Portugal Teses de mestrado - 2013