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Princípio contramajoritário e separação de poderes na defesa e promoção dos direitos fundamentais
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Direitos fundamentais e separação de poderes (equilíbrio), ainda hoje, representam a ideia de Constituição. Enquanto a tripartição e a organização dos poderes revelam a imagem do Estado, os direitos fundamentais retratam a Sociedade.
Os direitos fundamentais estão no centro dos atuais debates constitucionais, cuja complexidade envolve fatores sociais do poder, expostos a constantes variações e dependentes de relevante grau interpretativo.
É facilmente constatável que ainda persistem graves violações aos direitos fundamentais de pessoas pertencentes a minorias (étnicas, linguísticas, religiosas etc.), embora já tenha a História demonstrado inúmeros casos que evidenciam que a discriminação das minorias e o menosprezo das suas necessidades legítimas podem acarretar graves conflitos humanitários.
Objetiva-se, nesta pesquisa, por meio da análise da atuação do princípio contramajoritário e da separação de poderes, sempre no campo da realidade, investigar as possibilidades efetivas de defesa e promoção dos direitos fundamentais.
Assim, propõe-se a análise de um caso concreto, no qual o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ainda que a título liminar (uma vez que apenas o pedido de medida cautelar foi apreciado, aguardando-se, agora, com expectativas, a decisão final), afirmou os direitos fundamentais dos presidiários, grupo minoritário e vulnerável, repudiando o verdadeiro estado de coisas inconstitucional em que se encontra o sistema penitenciário brasileiro.
A pesquisa proporciona uma reflexão sobre as significativas mudanças ocorridas na concepção da separação dos poderes e dos direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos, cuja garantia, ressalta-se, continua a ser entendida como fim essencial do Estado social e democrático de Direito. Também propõe a análise do desenvolvimento dos novos mecanismos de limitação efetiva do Poder, que não existiam ou não eram valorizados na vigência do Estado liberal, como o reconhecimento e encorajamento dos direitos das minorias. Por fim, a apreciação da relação entre a efetividade material dos direitos fundamentais e a escassez de recursos inevitavelmente conduzirá ao questionamento: será utópica a efetividade da Constituição?
Fundamental rights and separation of powers (balance), still today, represent the idea of Constitution. While the tripartite and the organization of powers reveal the image of the State, fundamental rights portray the Society. The fundamental rights have become the current center of constitutional debates, whose complexity involves social factors of power, exposed to constant variations and dependent on a relevant interpretative degree. It is readily apparente that serious violations of the fundamental rights of persons belonging to minorities (ethnic, linguistic, religious, etc.) still persist, although the History has already shown numerous cases which demonstrate that discrimination against minorities and the neglect of their legitimate needs can cause seriuous humanitarian conflicts. The objective of this mater’s thesis is to analyze the performance of the countermajoritarian principle and the separation of powers, always in the field of reality, to investigate the effective possibilities of defending and promoting fundamental rights. So, it is proposed the analysis of a concrete case, in which the Supreme Court, even though preliminarily (since only the injuction was judged, awaiting the final decision), affirmed the fundamental rights of prisoners, a minority and vulnerable group, repudiating the true “unconstitutional state of things” of Brazilian’s penitentiary system. The academic research provides a reflection on the significants changes about the conception of the separation of the powers and the fundamental rights of citizens, whose guarantee, it is emphasized, continues to be understood as an essential purpose of the social and democratic “State of Law”. It also proposes the development analysis of the new mechanisms of effective limitation of power, that did not exist or were not valued during the liberal State, such as the recognition and encouragement of minority rights. Finally, the observation of the relation between the fundamental rights’s material effectiveness and the financial resource’s scarcity inevitably will lead to the question: is the effectivennes of the Constitution an utopia?
Fundamental rights and separation of powers (balance), still today, represent the idea of Constitution. While the tripartite and the organization of powers reveal the image of the State, fundamental rights portray the Society. The fundamental rights have become the current center of constitutional debates, whose complexity involves social factors of power, exposed to constant variations and dependent on a relevant interpretative degree. It is readily apparente that serious violations of the fundamental rights of persons belonging to minorities (ethnic, linguistic, religious, etc.) still persist, although the History has already shown numerous cases which demonstrate that discrimination against minorities and the neglect of their legitimate needs can cause seriuous humanitarian conflicts. The objective of this mater’s thesis is to analyze the performance of the countermajoritarian principle and the separation of powers, always in the field of reality, to investigate the effective possibilities of defending and promoting fundamental rights. So, it is proposed the analysis of a concrete case, in which the Supreme Court, even though preliminarily (since only the injuction was judged, awaiting the final decision), affirmed the fundamental rights of prisoners, a minority and vulnerable group, repudiating the true “unconstitutional state of things” of Brazilian’s penitentiary system. The academic research provides a reflection on the significants changes about the conception of the separation of the powers and the fundamental rights of citizens, whose guarantee, it is emphasized, continues to be understood as an essential purpose of the social and democratic “State of Law”. It also proposes the development analysis of the new mechanisms of effective limitation of power, that did not exist or were not valued during the liberal State, such as the recognition and encouragement of minority rights. Finally, the observation of the relation between the fundamental rights’s material effectiveness and the financial resource’s scarcity inevitably will lead to the question: is the effectivennes of the Constitution an utopia?
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Constituição Direitos fundamentais Direitos sociais Separação de poderes Minorias Brasil