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O direito à razoável duração do processo sob a perspetiva do sistema europeu de proteção aos direitos humanos
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O direito à razoável duração compõe o princípio do acesso à justiça que, para ser materialmente satisfeito, deverá garantir uma tutela jurisdicional prestada de forma efetiva, e para que assim seja considerada, deverá ser ocorrer em um prazo razoável, portanto, o processo deverá ser célere, porém, isso não pode significar uma restrição desnecessárias às garantias processuais. A Europa possui dois sistemas de proteção aos direitos humanos coexistentes, a CEDH e a CDFUE, estes sob a jurisdição de dois tribunais internacionais, TEDH e TJUE, respetivamente, bem como também dos tribunais nacionais dos Estados partes que interpretam e aplicam as normas de direitos humanos e fundamentais, impondo a existência de integração e diálogo judicial nesse triângulo europeu. O prazo razoável é um conceito jurídico indeterminado, assim, é a interpretação dos tribunais que, ao longo do tempo, têm determinado os elementos necessários para sua definição e para a constatação de violações. Ocorrendo infrações aos direitos humanos, surgem as obrigações de cessação e de reparação integral decorrentes da responsabilidade internacional, porém, a Convenção prevê uma reparação razoável, subsidiaria aos Estados partes. Por outro lado, a Carta garante a obrigação de reparação integral com relação a UE e seus Estados-membros. A principal medida de natureza individual de reparação concedida às vítimas é a compensação por danos não-pecuniários. O valor de indemnização fixado pelos tribunais e os critérios utilizados para sua definição não são suficientemente claros, tendo como fundamento principal o princípio da equidade. Quando há constatação de falhas sistémicas como causa da demora excessiva dos processos, as sentenças do Tribunal Europeu passam a ser executadas pelo Comité de Ministros do Conselho da Europa. Nessa etapa, medidas de natureza geral são adotadas mediante a escolha dos Estados partes ou mediante determinação do Tribunal, as quais permanecem sob supervisão até que se considere cessada a violação.
The right to a trial within a reasonable time is part of the principle of access to justice which, to be substantive, must ensure effective justice and, to be considered as such, must take place within a reasonable time, i.e. the trial must be expeditious, but this must not mean that procedural safeguards are unduly reduced. Europe has two co-existing systems of human rights protection, the ECHR and the CFREU, under the jurisdiction of two international courts, the ECtHR and the CJEU respectively, as well as the national courts of the States, which interpret and apply human rights and fundamental rights standards, thus requiring the existence of integration and judicial dialogue in this European triangle. Reasonable time is an indeterminate legal concept, so it is the interpretation of the courts that, over time, has determined the elements for its definition and for finding violations. Breaches of human rights give rise to obligations of cessation and full reparation arising from international responsibility, but the Convention provides for just satisfaction, which is subsidiary to the States Parties. Moreover, the Charter guarantees the obligation of full reparation to the EU and its Member States. The most common individual measure of reparation awarded to victims is compensation for non-pecuniary damage. The damages determined by the courts and the criteria used to define them are not sufficiently clear and are based mainly on the principle of fairness. When systemic failures are found as the cause of excessive delays in proceedings, the judgments of the European Court are enforced by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. At this stage, measures of a general nature are taken, at the choice of the States Parties or as determined by the Court, which remain under surveillance until the violation is deemed to have ceased.
The right to a trial within a reasonable time is part of the principle of access to justice which, to be substantive, must ensure effective justice and, to be considered as such, must take place within a reasonable time, i.e. the trial must be expeditious, but this must not mean that procedural safeguards are unduly reduced. Europe has two co-existing systems of human rights protection, the ECHR and the CFREU, under the jurisdiction of two international courts, the ECtHR and the CJEU respectively, as well as the national courts of the States, which interpret and apply human rights and fundamental rights standards, thus requiring the existence of integration and judicial dialogue in this European triangle. Reasonable time is an indeterminate legal concept, so it is the interpretation of the courts that, over time, has determined the elements for its definition and for finding violations. Breaches of human rights give rise to obligations of cessation and full reparation arising from international responsibility, but the Convention provides for just satisfaction, which is subsidiary to the States Parties. Moreover, the Charter guarantees the obligation of full reparation to the EU and its Member States. The most common individual measure of reparation awarded to victims is compensation for non-pecuniary damage. The damages determined by the courts and the criteria used to define them are not sufficiently clear and are based mainly on the principle of fairness. When systemic failures are found as the cause of excessive delays in proceedings, the judgments of the European Court are enforced by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. At this stage, measures of a general nature are taken, at the choice of the States Parties or as determined by the Court, which remain under surveillance until the violation is deemed to have ceased.
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Prazo razoável Acesso à justiça Tutela jurisdicional efectiva Direitos humanos Sistema europeu de proteção Teses de mestrado - 2024