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Portuguese smell test
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O sentido do olfato é bastante influenciador na qualidade de vida, sendo este o sentido que nos alerta em caso de perigo de fugas de gás e o que nos provoca fome na passagem por uma pastelaria. Com a passagem dos anos, a capacidade olfativa vai diminuindo de forma natural. No entanto, determinadas situações patológicas também vêm acompanhadas por um défice olfativo. Indivíduos que sofram de rinite e rinosinusite crónica ou que tenha sofrido uma infeção respiratória perdem o sentido do olfato de forma gradual. Porém, em situações traumáticas como é o caso de cirurgias ou traumatismos cranianos a perda de olfato é instantânea. É ainda vastamente descrito o aparecimento de hiposmia antes dos sintomas motores ou de demência associados às doenças neurodegenerativas. Assim, torna-se importante avaliar a disfunção olfativa clinicamente e por isso surgiram os testes olfatométricos.
Estes testes são amplamente influenciados por a cultura da população de onde está a ser aplicado, surgindo então a necessidade de criar um teste válido para ser aplicado na população portuguesa- Portuguese Smell Test.
O teste está a ser aplicado no Hospital Garcia de Orta desde 2018. O objetivo deste trabalho de campo é caracterizar as olfatometrias recolhidas a partir desta ferramenta tendo como base os diferentes diagnósticos que levam à hiposmia, sendo um estudo coorte retrospetivo.
No total de 189 indivíduos em estudo foi concluído que os indivíduos com hiposmia devido a doenças
eurodegenerativas e presbiosmia são mais velhos do que os que sofrem de hiposmia pós-COVID e rinosinusites e que a disfunção olfativa é fortemente influenciada pela idade. Conclui-se ainda que este teste é válido para os casos de presbiosmia, doenças neurodegenerativas, rinosinusites crónicas e situações de hiposmia pós-traumatismo craniano. Mostra que os indivíduos com traumatismo e doenças neurodegenerativas são os que têm uma maior dificuldade na deteção, reconhecimento e identificação de odores quando comparados com os restantes diagnósticos. Foi também inferido que todos os indivíduos têm uma maior facilidade em identificar e detetar odores irritantes do que os restantes odores, pois foi simultânea a obtenção de percentagens mais elevadas do nervo trigémeo do que do nervo olfativo.
The sense of smell has a great influence on the quality of life, being the one that warns us of the danger of gas leaks and makes us feel hungry when passing a bakery. With the years, the olfactory ability naturally decreases. However, some pathological situations are also associated with an olfactory impairment. Individuals who suffer from chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis or who had a respiratory infection gradually lose their sense of smell. However, in traumatic situations such as surgery or head trauma the loss of smell is immediate. The development of hyposmia before motor symptoms or dementia associated with neurodegenerative diseases is also widely described. Thus, it becomes important to assess olfactory dysfunction clinically and therefore olfactometric tests emerged. These tests are largely influenced by the culture of the population where they are being conducted, and so the need arose to create a valid test to be applied in the Portuguese population - Portuguese Smell Test. The test is being applied at Hospital Garcia de Orta since 2018. The aim of this study is to characterize the olfactometries collected from this tool based on the different diagnoses that lead to hyposmia, being a retrospective cohort study. In the total of 189 individuals under study it was concluded that individuals with hyposmia due to neurodegenerative diseases and presbiosmia are older than those with post-COVID hyposmia and rhinosinusitis and that olfactory dysfunction is strongly influenced by age. It is also concluded that this test is valid for cases of presbiosmia, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic rhinosinusitis and situations of post head trauma hyposmia. It shows that individuals with trauma and neurodegenerative diseases have more difficulty in detecting, recognizing and identifying smells when compared to the remaining diagnoses. It was also concluded that for all subjects it is easier to identify and detect irritating smells, such as vinegar, than the remaining smells, as higher percentages were simultaneously obtained from the trigeminal nerve than from the olfactory nerve.
The sense of smell has a great influence on the quality of life, being the one that warns us of the danger of gas leaks and makes us feel hungry when passing a bakery. With the years, the olfactory ability naturally decreases. However, some pathological situations are also associated with an olfactory impairment. Individuals who suffer from chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis or who had a respiratory infection gradually lose their sense of smell. However, in traumatic situations such as surgery or head trauma the loss of smell is immediate. The development of hyposmia before motor symptoms or dementia associated with neurodegenerative diseases is also widely described. Thus, it becomes important to assess olfactory dysfunction clinically and therefore olfactometric tests emerged. These tests are largely influenced by the culture of the population where they are being conducted, and so the need arose to create a valid test to be applied in the Portuguese population - Portuguese Smell Test. The test is being applied at Hospital Garcia de Orta since 2018. The aim of this study is to characterize the olfactometries collected from this tool based on the different diagnoses that lead to hyposmia, being a retrospective cohort study. In the total of 189 individuals under study it was concluded that individuals with hyposmia due to neurodegenerative diseases and presbiosmia are older than those with post-COVID hyposmia and rhinosinusitis and that olfactory dysfunction is strongly influenced by age. It is also concluded that this test is valid for cases of presbiosmia, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic rhinosinusitis and situations of post head trauma hyposmia. It shows that individuals with trauma and neurodegenerative diseases have more difficulty in detecting, recognizing and identifying smells when compared to the remaining diagnoses. It was also concluded that for all subjects it is easier to identify and detect irritating smells, such as vinegar, than the remaining smells, as higher percentages were simultaneously obtained from the trigeminal nerve than from the olfactory nerve.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Disfunção olfativa Adaptação cultural Hiposmia Doenças neurodegenerativas Testes olfativos Mestrado integrado - 2022