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Viabilidade económica de medidas de gestão de consumo integradas com tarifas dinâmicas no setor residencial
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A cada dia que passa existe uma maior consciencialização global para o Aquecimento Global e as suas consequências para os ecossistemas e habitantes do nosso planeta. Face a isto tem havido um esforço crescente por parte de várias nações e organizações de forma a colmatar estes efeitos, reduzindo as emissões poluentes e aumentando a presença de energias renováveis. No entanto, as energias renováveis mais promissoras como a eólica e a solar fotovoltaica são recursos variáveis e dependentes de fatores climáticos não controláveis, pelo que o caminho para uma maior dependência nestes recursos não será fácil e exigirá um esforço conjunto entre consumidores e produtores de energia. A variabilidade apresentada por estes recursos renováveis exige que o consumidor consiga alterar e adaptar o seu consumo quando necessário e também que a própria rede elétrica consiga ajustar em tempo real, através de sistemas auxiliares, a produção ao consumo ou vice-versa. Para que isto aconteça, será necessária toda uma renovação da infraestrutura de rede elétrica, tornando-a numa rede mais digital, informatizada e descentralizada capaz de comunicar entre si de forma a garantir o funcionamento mais eficiente e menos poluente possível, uma rede designada por “Smart Grid”, ou rede inteligente. Do lado do consumidor, uma nova infraestrutura de medição de consumos permitirá a aplicação de novos tipos de tarifas – tarifas dinâmicas - que incentivam grandemente mudanças de comportamento consoante as necessidades da rede, aliando-se às novas tecnologias e automação de equipamentos para facilitar essa mudança. Nesta dissertação pretende-se estudar o desenho e aplicação destes novos tipos de tarifas e conferir que tipo de poupanças são possíveis de obter face às tarifas convencionais através de simulações. Os cenários analisados incluem mudanças comportamentais assim como a instalação de sistemas fotovoltaicos, com e sem baterias – onde se inclui uma análise custo/benefício destes sistemas. Os resultados obtidos mostram poupanças satisfatórias e uma clara vantagem das tarifas dinâmicas sobre as convencionais para as mudanças comportamentais. No entanto, nos cenários de sistemas fotovoltaicos, tarifas convencionais como a tri-horária são capazes de conferir poupanças satisfatórias que motivam a flexibilidade do consumo quase tanto como uma tarifa dinâmica. Ainda assim, o desenho de uma tarifa é uma tarefa complexa e caso a mesma for desenhada de uma forma ótima isso pode motivar o consumidor a alterar o seu comportamento e a gerar poupanças significativas. Do lado do comercializador de eletricidade, mudanças comportamentais podem garantir a geração de poupanças pouco significativas. Por outro lado, a instalação de sistemas fotovoltaicos, com e sem baterias, pode levar a perdas monetárias e desmotivar estas empresas a incentivar este tipo de ações. A principal conclusão desta dissertação é que as tarifas dinâmicas podem conferir benefícios para os consumidores que realizem medidas de gestão de consumo. Será, no entanto, necessário o estabelecimento de políticas e possivelmente incentivos que satisfaçam as necessidades de todos os participantes para que o conceito da Smart Grid se torne cada vez mais uma realidade.
Each passing day awareness grows towards Climate Change and its consequences to Earth’s ecosystems and habitants. Due to this, there has been a growing effort of many nations and organizations in order to tackle this effects, by reducing the emission of pollutants or by increasing the presence of renewable energies. However, the most promising renewable resources like wind or solar photovoltaic energy are variable resources which are dependent of non-controllable climate factors. Because of this, a bigger dependency on this type of resources won’t be easy and will require a joint effort between consumers and energy producers. The variability presented by this renewable resources and the growing necessity for it will require the consumer to adapt their consumption patterns when necessary and also, the electrical grid itself should be able to adjust in real time, through auxiliary systems, production to consumption or vice-versa. In order for this to happen, the current infrastructure of the grid needs to be renewed into a more computerised and decentralized energy grid capable of constant communication between all intervenients in order to function at the most efficient and less pollutant conditions. A grid called Smart Grid. From the consumer side, a new consumption measurement infrastructure will allow the presence of new price schemes - dynamic tariffs – or other types of programs which encourage the consumer - through economic benefits - to change their consumptions patterns when necessary. This change in behaviours might be facilitated with the increasing presence of new technology with automation capabilities. This master thesis is intended to study and design dynamic tariffs and assess the possible monetary savings of this tariffs compared to conventional ones in the presence of changes in consumption patterns. This will be done through simulations, where the scenarios to be studied include behavioural changes and the presence of solar photovoltaic systems, with and without a battery system and where a cost/benefit analysis is also included. The results show a clear advantage of dynamic tariffs compared to conventional ones and a good generation of savings for the behavioural changes scenarios. For the photovoltaic systems the results are satisfactory, but however, a tariff already in the market (tri-hourly tariff) is capable of achieving considerate savings in the same way as a dynamic tariff. In general, the design of a tariff is a complex task and if it is designed optimally, that may motivate the consumer into changing his behaviour and generate good money savings. From the energy utility side, behavioural changes of its consumers may bring a low amount of money savings for the utility. On the other side, the installation of photovoltaic systems, with or without batteries, seems to only generate losses for this enterprises, possibly demotivating them from incentivizing this kind of endeavours to their clients. The main conclusion of this master thesis is that dynamic tariffs can bring great benefits to the consumers who perform demand response. However, for this to happen it will be required to establish new politics and possibly incentives that satisfy the needs of all the participants in order for the Smart Grid concept to become more and more a reality.
Each passing day awareness grows towards Climate Change and its consequences to Earth’s ecosystems and habitants. Due to this, there has been a growing effort of many nations and organizations in order to tackle this effects, by reducing the emission of pollutants or by increasing the presence of renewable energies. However, the most promising renewable resources like wind or solar photovoltaic energy are variable resources which are dependent of non-controllable climate factors. Because of this, a bigger dependency on this type of resources won’t be easy and will require a joint effort between consumers and energy producers. The variability presented by this renewable resources and the growing necessity for it will require the consumer to adapt their consumption patterns when necessary and also, the electrical grid itself should be able to adjust in real time, through auxiliary systems, production to consumption or vice-versa. In order for this to happen, the current infrastructure of the grid needs to be renewed into a more computerised and decentralized energy grid capable of constant communication between all intervenients in order to function at the most efficient and less pollutant conditions. A grid called Smart Grid. From the consumer side, a new consumption measurement infrastructure will allow the presence of new price schemes - dynamic tariffs – or other types of programs which encourage the consumer - through economic benefits - to change their consumptions patterns when necessary. This change in behaviours might be facilitated with the increasing presence of new technology with automation capabilities. This master thesis is intended to study and design dynamic tariffs and assess the possible monetary savings of this tariffs compared to conventional ones in the presence of changes in consumption patterns. This will be done through simulations, where the scenarios to be studied include behavioural changes and the presence of solar photovoltaic systems, with and without a battery system and where a cost/benefit analysis is also included. The results show a clear advantage of dynamic tariffs compared to conventional ones and a good generation of savings for the behavioural changes scenarios. For the photovoltaic systems the results are satisfactory, but however, a tariff already in the market (tri-hourly tariff) is capable of achieving considerate savings in the same way as a dynamic tariff. In general, the design of a tariff is a complex task and if it is designed optimally, that may motivate the consumer into changing his behaviour and generate good money savings. From the energy utility side, behavioural changes of its consumers may bring a low amount of money savings for the utility. On the other side, the installation of photovoltaic systems, with or without batteries, seems to only generate losses for this enterprises, possibly demotivating them from incentivizing this kind of endeavours to their clients. The main conclusion of this master thesis is that dynamic tariffs can bring great benefits to the consumers who perform demand response. However, for this to happen it will be required to establish new politics and possibly incentives that satisfy the needs of all the participants in order for the Smart Grid concept to become more and more a reality.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019
Palavras-chave
Energias renováveis Flexibilidade Gestão de consumo Smart Grid Tarifas dinâmicas Solar fotovoltaica Baterias Setor residencial Comercializador de eletricidade Teses de mestrado - 2019