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Consumo de álcool : da experimentação precoce ao consumo de risco
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O consumo de álcool é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública a nível mundial. De acordo com os dados apresentados pela OMS em 2014 sobre o consumo de álcool, continua a verificar-se uma maior prevalência de consumidores do sexo masculino, apesar de se constatar um aumento do consumo no sexo feminino, paralelamente a diversas mudanças de comportamento de género que têm ocorrido na sociedade nas últimas décadas. A mesma fonte alerta para as alterações que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas tem vindo a apresentar, como por exemplo, no que se refere à idade de experimentação, ao tipo de bebidas consumidas e padrão de consumo, em especial pelo aumento de binge drinkers. Também em Portugal, pelo menos desde 1999, se pode identificar uma tendência de alteração no sentido das apresentadas pela OMS no que se refere ao consumo de álcool, nas novas formas de beber, nos novos consumidores de bebidas alcoólicas e na idade de início de consumo. A tendência para uma igualização no padrão de consumo entre os sexos é particularmente preocupante quanto é conhecida uma maior vulnerabilidade feminina para o uso de álcool. Assim e com o objetivo de compreender o impacto das alterações nos padrões de consumos identificados desde o final da década de 90 e os fatores de vulnerabilidade pessoais para este tipo de consumo realizou-se a presente investigação. Para alcançar este objetivo foram realizados dois estudos. O Estudo A, de natureza quantitativa descritivo e correlacional teve como objetivo identificar os padrões de consumo dos jovens adultos com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 35 anos em processo educativo formal, profissional ou académico, do concelho de Lisboa; o Estudo B, de natureza qualitativa, visou compreender a trajetória de vida das pessoas com consumo de risco desde a experimentação até à atualidade. Os indivíduos identificados com perfil de risco no Estudo A constituíram a amostra do Estudo B. Concluiu-se que 1/5 da amostra não consome bebidas alcoólicas e que 89,20% apresenta consumos sem riscos para a saúde. No entanto, 61,26% dos participantes que consomem álcool apresentam um consumo de risco, do tipo binge drinking. A variável pessoal sentido de coerência mostrou-se influenciadora destes resultados. A análise das trajetórias daqueles que apresentaram padrões de consumo mais graves (consumo nocivo e dependência) mostrou idades de experimentação precoces. O facto de a experimentação acontecer cedo na vida destes participantes, e de uma tendência para a igualização entre os sexos, traduz-se em carreiras de consumo diferentes das encontradas no passado e onde são evidentes outro tipo de consequências socias, tais como as disrupções familiares. Este estudo salienta a importância das primeiras experiências de consumo e para o papel que o álcool assume na interação social. Mostra, também, a importância da família e da rede social na aprendizagem dos consumos de bebidas alcoólicas sem riscos para a saúde e da relevância de fatores pessoais tais como o sentido de coerência na prevenção de comportamentos que coloquem a saúde em risco. As alterações no padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas identificadas nas últimas décadas realçam a necessidade de serem realizadas intervenções que visem a prevenção do consumo desta substância desde idades muito precoces, devendo também prolongar-se pelas etapas de vida seguintes. Estas, deverão incluir além dos serviços de saúde, outros elementos da sociedade de que é exemplo a escola, uma vez que esta é um contexto de importante interação durante um período alargado da vida.
Alcohol consumption is among the major public health issues worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 report showed a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption among men, despite the increase in alcohol consumption among women. In addition, several changes in gender behavior have occurred in the society over the past decades. The same report pointed out changes in alcohol consumption, namely regarding the age of drinking onset, the type of drinks, and the consumption pattern, and emphasized the increasing number of heavy episodic drinkers. Similar changes have occurred in Portugal, at least since 1999, concerning alcohol consumption levels and patterns, the emergence of new alcohol users, and the age of drinking onset. The closing gender gap in the drinking patterns is worrying because women are more vulnerable to alcohol related harm. Therefore, this research was conducted with the purpose of understanding the impact of the changing consumption patterns since the late 1990s and identifying individual vulnerability factors for this type of consumption. Two studies were conducted: a quantitative, descriptive, correlational study - Study A - aimed at identifying consumption patterns among young adults (aged between 20 and 35 years) who were attending an education institution (vocational training or university education) in the municipality of Lisbon; and a qualitative study - Study B - aimed at describing harmful drinkers’ life trajectory since experimentation until the present. The sample in Study B was composed of individuals identified as being at risk in Study A. In the sample of Study A, a fifth of the participants were abstainers and 89.20% showed low-risk drinking patterns. However, 61.26% of the participants who drank alcoholic beverages were heavy episodic drinkers. The personal variable “sense of coherence” influenced these results. The analysis of the trajectories of drinkers with more severe consumption patterns (harmful consumption and dependence) showed that they started to drink at an early age. The early experimentation with alcohol, along with the closing gender gap in alcohol-related behaviors, translates into different consumption trajectories from those found in the past. These new drinking patterns have resulted in further social consequences, such as family disruption. This study underlines the impact of the first drinking experiences and the role played by alcohol in social interaction. It also shows the importance of family and social networks in learning risk-free alcohol-related behaviors, as well as the relevance of personal factors, such as the sense of coherence, in the prevention of harmful drinking patterns. The changes in the pattern of alcohol consumption over the past decades put into evidence the need for interventions aimed at the prevention of alcohol consumption at very early ages, which should extend to the next life stages. These interventions should involve not only health care professionals, but also the society in general. Schools are particularly important to the extent that they are key settings of social interaction for an extended period of time.
Alcohol consumption is among the major public health issues worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 report showed a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption among men, despite the increase in alcohol consumption among women. In addition, several changes in gender behavior have occurred in the society over the past decades. The same report pointed out changes in alcohol consumption, namely regarding the age of drinking onset, the type of drinks, and the consumption pattern, and emphasized the increasing number of heavy episodic drinkers. Similar changes have occurred in Portugal, at least since 1999, concerning alcohol consumption levels and patterns, the emergence of new alcohol users, and the age of drinking onset. The closing gender gap in the drinking patterns is worrying because women are more vulnerable to alcohol related harm. Therefore, this research was conducted with the purpose of understanding the impact of the changing consumption patterns since the late 1990s and identifying individual vulnerability factors for this type of consumption. Two studies were conducted: a quantitative, descriptive, correlational study - Study A - aimed at identifying consumption patterns among young adults (aged between 20 and 35 years) who were attending an education institution (vocational training or university education) in the municipality of Lisbon; and a qualitative study - Study B - aimed at describing harmful drinkers’ life trajectory since experimentation until the present. The sample in Study B was composed of individuals identified as being at risk in Study A. In the sample of Study A, a fifth of the participants were abstainers and 89.20% showed low-risk drinking patterns. However, 61.26% of the participants who drank alcoholic beverages were heavy episodic drinkers. The personal variable “sense of coherence” influenced these results. The analysis of the trajectories of drinkers with more severe consumption patterns (harmful consumption and dependence) showed that they started to drink at an early age. The early experimentation with alcohol, along with the closing gender gap in alcohol-related behaviors, translates into different consumption trajectories from those found in the past. These new drinking patterns have resulted in further social consequences, such as family disruption. This study underlines the impact of the first drinking experiences and the role played by alcohol in social interaction. It also shows the importance of family and social networks in learning risk-free alcohol-related behaviors, as well as the relevance of personal factors, such as the sense of coherence, in the prevention of harmful drinking patterns. The changes in the pattern of alcohol consumption over the past decades put into evidence the need for interventions aimed at the prevention of alcohol consumption at very early ages, which should extend to the next life stages. These interventions should involve not only health care professionals, but also the society in general. Schools are particularly important to the extent that they are key settings of social interaction for an extended period of time.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento, Enfermagem, Universidade de Lisboa, com a colaboração da Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa, 2018
Palavras-chave
Teses de doutoramento - 2018 Consumo de álcool Jovens adultos