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Plantas e produtos de origem vegetal no tratamento da doença de Parkinson
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A doença de Parkinson (DP) foi descrita pela primeira vez por James Parkinson em 1817.Desde a descoberta da dopamina como neurotransmissor na década de 1950, a pesquisa sobre a DP gerou um corpo rico e complexo de conhecimento, revelando que a DP é uma doença multifatorial relacionada à idade, influenciada por fatores genéticos e ambientais.
A prevalência da DP é cerca de 1% em pessoas com mais de 65 anos. Normalmente começa entre os 40 e 70 anos e é muito raro abaixo dos 20. Se a DP começar antes dos
20 anos, é considerada como DP de início jovem e tem uma patologia diferente de outros tipos de DP, muito provável de ser hereditária ou devido à doença de Wilson ou doença de Huntington. A DP é mais prevalente em homens do que em mulheres em uma proporção de 3: 2 (Postuma et al. 2015 ).
A DP é uma doença neurodegenerativa, crónica e progressiva associada a um défice da função motora. Esta doença caracteriza-se por rigidez muscular, tremor em repouso, bradicinésia, instabilidade postural e, nalguns casos, perturbações psiquiátricas e cognitivas. A maioria dos casos de DP não tem causa definida (doença de Parkinson idiopática). No entanto estudos mais recentes têm demonstrado, que numa mesma família a probabilidade de surgir a doença de Parkinson duplica ou triplica de uma geração para a seguinte ou que esta pode ocorrer através da predisposição genética de alguns indivíduos ao serem expostos a determinados agentes (neurotoxinas, fármacos, vírus) e ainda por acidente vascular cerebral. Dado que a doença de Parkinson atualmente não tem cura, os objetivos do tratamento passam por controlar os sintomas da patologia. No que diz respeito ao tratamento farmacológico este passa sobretudo pelo recurso a fármacos classificados como agonistas da dopamina, inibidores da MAO B, agentes anticolinérgicos, inibidores da COMT, amantadina e, por último, a levodopa, sendo esta a terapêutica farmacológica de destaque nesta patologia. No que diz respeito ao tratamento e/ou prevenção desta patologia com recurso à fitoterapia (produtos naturais à base de plantas, extratos) há autores que têm descrito a utilidade de recorrer a esta alternativa com o fim de complementar com a terapêutica farmacológica geralmente utilizada nesta patologia. No trabalho proposto irá ser feita uma revisão sobre as plantas medicinais usadas na doença de Parkinson, bem como o papel do farmacêutico na doença e na terapêutica
Parkinson's disease (PD) was first described by James Parkinson in 1817. Since the discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the 1950s, research into PD has generated a rich and complex body of knowledge, revealing that PD is a age-related multifactorial disease influ-enced by genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of PD is about 1% in people over 65 years of age. It usually starts between 40 and 70 years old and is very rare under 20. If PD starts before age 20 years old, is considered young-onset PD and has a pathology different from other types of PD, most likely to be hereditary or due to Wilson's disease or Hunting-ton's disease. PD is more prevalent in men than in women at a ratio of 3: 2 (Postuma et al. 2015). PD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with a deficit in motor func-tion. This disease is characterized by muscle rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and, in some cases, psychiatric and cognitive disorders. Most cases of PD have no definite cause (idiopathic Parkinson's disease). However, more recent studies have shown that, in the same family, the probability of developing Parkinson's disease doubles or triples from one generation to the next or that this can occur through the genetic predisposition of some individuals when exposed to certain agents (neurotoxins, drugs, viruses) and also by stroke. Since Parkinson's disease currently has no cure, the goals of treatment are to control the symp-toms of the pathology. With regard to pharmacological treatment, this mainly involves the use of drugs classified as dopamine agonists, MAO B inhibitors, anticholinergic agents, COMT inhibitors, amantadine and, finally, levodopa, which is the leading pharmacological therapy in this pathology. With regard to the treatment and/or prevention of this pathology using herbal medicine (natural herbal products, extracts) there are authors who have described the useful-ness of using this alternative in order to complement the pharmacological therapy generally used in this pathology. The proposed work will review the medicinal plants used in Parkin-son's disease, as well as the role of the pharmacist in the disease and its therapy.
Parkinson's disease (PD) was first described by James Parkinson in 1817. Since the discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the 1950s, research into PD has generated a rich and complex body of knowledge, revealing that PD is a age-related multifactorial disease influ-enced by genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of PD is about 1% in people over 65 years of age. It usually starts between 40 and 70 years old and is very rare under 20. If PD starts before age 20 years old, is considered young-onset PD and has a pathology different from other types of PD, most likely to be hereditary or due to Wilson's disease or Hunting-ton's disease. PD is more prevalent in men than in women at a ratio of 3: 2 (Postuma et al. 2015). PD is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with a deficit in motor func-tion. This disease is characterized by muscle rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and, in some cases, psychiatric and cognitive disorders. Most cases of PD have no definite cause (idiopathic Parkinson's disease). However, more recent studies have shown that, in the same family, the probability of developing Parkinson's disease doubles or triples from one generation to the next or that this can occur through the genetic predisposition of some individuals when exposed to certain agents (neurotoxins, drugs, viruses) and also by stroke. Since Parkinson's disease currently has no cure, the goals of treatment are to control the symp-toms of the pathology. With regard to pharmacological treatment, this mainly involves the use of drugs classified as dopamine agonists, MAO B inhibitors, anticholinergic agents, COMT inhibitors, amantadine and, finally, levodopa, which is the leading pharmacological therapy in this pathology. With regard to the treatment and/or prevention of this pathology using herbal medicine (natural herbal products, extracts) there are authors who have described the useful-ness of using this alternative in order to complement the pharmacological therapy generally used in this pathology. The proposed work will review the medicinal plants used in Parkin-son's disease, as well as the role of the pharmacist in the disease and its therapy.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Parkinson Neurónios dopaminérgicos Tremor Levodopa Fitoterapia Mestrado integrado - 2021