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A presente dissertação apresenta os resultados da investigação realizada sobre as camadas de preparação de pintura portuguesa dos séculos XV e XVI, procurando encontrar factores de caracterização dos vários pintores e oficinas desse período. Partindo do acervo pertencente ao arquivo do LCR-DGPC, analisaram-se amostras microscópicas de preparações de cerca de uma centena de pinturas, atribuídas a oficinas nacionais como Vis eu, Coimbra, Lisboa e Évora, ou sem atribuição específica. Sintetizando a metodologia analítica utilizada, evidenciam-se os critérios de selecção das amostras, comparando os resultados das diferentes técnicas de microscopia. Cotejam-se as definições de preparação, aparelho e imprimadura e as de encolagem, impermeabilização,. gesso mate, gesso grosso e cré, referidas em diferentes tratados técnicos de pintura ao longo dos tempos. Estabelecem-se tipologias, enquadrando-as segundo os modelos apurados na análise das amostras históricas das pinturas. Os resultados indicam uma predominância das preparações à base de sulfato de cálcio com a tipologia de gesso grosso na maioria das pinturas estudadas da oficina de Lisboa, ocorrendo com menor frequência na oficina de Coimbra. Nesta oficina, tal como na oficina de Viseu, destaca-se a utilização de gesso mate, sendo que nesta última também se utilizam as preparações de carbonato de cálcio. Na análise química elementar das preparações por MEV-EDX, os elementos usualmente identificados são Ca, Mg, Sr, Si, S, Al e Fe. Os compostos inorgânicos associados às matrizes tanto de sulfato como de carbonato de cálcio, identificados através das análises por fl-DRX e fl-Raman, são os aluminossilicatos, a calcite, a dolomite, a celestite e o quartzo. Nas preparações de sulfato de cálcio, verifica-se por vezes a ocorrência de pigmentos adicionados em pequenas quantidades, como o carvão animal ou vegetal, os ocres, o mínio e o branco de chumbo. A presença destes pigmentos na preparação surge desde o início do século XVI.
This thesis presents the results of the investigation carried out on the ground layers in Portuguese painting of the 15th and 16th centuries, with the aim of providing characterizing factots for the various painters and workshops of that period Starting from the collection belonging to the LCR-DGP microscopk sample of the ground layers of about a hundred paintings, assigned to national workshops such as Viseu, Coimbra, Lisboa and Évora or without specific attribution, were analyzed. Summarizing the analytical methodology used, the criteria for sample selection are presented, by comparing the results of different microscopy techniques. The definitions of ground layer, priming and siizing, impermeabilizarion, thin gypsum coarse gypsum and chalk, referred in various technical treatises over time, are also debated. Typologie are elaborated according to the models observed in the analysis of historical painting samples. Results indicate the predominance of calcium sulphate ground layers with coarse gypsum typology in most of the paintings from the Lisbon workshop studied, occurring less frequently in the Coimbra workshop. In the latter workshop, we also highlight the use of thin gypsum, similarly to the Viseu workshop, as well as the use of calcium carbonate ground layers. Elemental chemieal analysis of the ground layers by SEM-EDX typically identificd th.e elements Ca, g, Sr, Si S I and e. The inorganic eomp unds associated witb b th sulphate and calcium carbonate matrices, identified by μ- XRD and μ- Raman, are alumin silicat s, ealcit , dolomite, ceie tit and quartzo In calcium sulphate ground layer , pigments added in small amount , such as animal r vegetahle eharcoal, och r, ted lead and white lead may als oecul'. The presenee of these pigments in gtound layers atise from the beginning f tbe 16,h century.
This thesis presents the results of the investigation carried out on the ground layers in Portuguese painting of the 15th and 16th centuries, with the aim of providing characterizing factots for the various painters and workshops of that period Starting from the collection belonging to the LCR-DGP microscopk sample of the ground layers of about a hundred paintings, assigned to national workshops such as Viseu, Coimbra, Lisboa and Évora or without specific attribution, were analyzed. Summarizing the analytical methodology used, the criteria for sample selection are presented, by comparing the results of different microscopy techniques. The definitions of ground layer, priming and siizing, impermeabilizarion, thin gypsum coarse gypsum and chalk, referred in various technical treatises over time, are also debated. Typologie are elaborated according to the models observed in the analysis of historical painting samples. Results indicate the predominance of calcium sulphate ground layers with coarse gypsum typology in most of the paintings from the Lisbon workshop studied, occurring less frequently in the Coimbra workshop. In the latter workshop, we also highlight the use of thin gypsum, similarly to the Viseu workshop, as well as the use of calcium carbonate ground layers. Elemental chemieal analysis of the ground layers by SEM-EDX typically identificd th.e elements Ca, g, Sr, Si S I and e. The inorganic eomp unds associated witb b th sulphate and calcium carbonate matrices, identified by μ- XRD and μ- Raman, are alumin silicat s, ealcit , dolomite, ceie tit and quartzo In calcium sulphate ground layer , pigments added in small amount , such as animal r vegetahle eharcoal, och r, ted lead and white lead may als oecul'. The presenee of these pigments in gtound layers atise from the beginning f tbe 16,h century.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento, História (Arte Património e Restauro), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014
Palavras-chave
Teses de doutoramento - 2014
