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A representação da cultura chinesa no cinema de Hollywood
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Resumo(s)
A presente dissertação tem como principal objetivo refletir sobre a forma como
o cinema representa uma cultura, particularmente no caso da representação da
cultura chinesa no cinema de Hollywood.
O conceito de “ representação” é analisado enquanto processo da construção,
tendo um papel fundamental na produção de sentido, o que serve como um
fundamento teórico prévio deste estudo sobre o cinema como um meio através do
qual uma cultura é representada.
A indústria cinematográfica de Hollywood é o melhor modelo para o estudo da
ofensiva poderosa cultural. Recentemente, a adoção dos elementos chineses por
parte de Hollywood oferece-nos cada vez mais temas de estudo acerca das
culturas americana e chinesa. A comunicação intercultural envolve dois aspetos:
capacidade linguística e cognição cultural. A pesquisa sobre o aspeto anterior tem
sido amplamente demonstrada e divulgada, mas a deficiência na cognição cultural
não tem tido a devida atenção. A cultura é uma manifestação da evolução dos
seres humanos, que tem muito a ver com a cognição humana. Alguns especialistas
propõem que a cultura e a cognição podem servir mutuamente como ângulo de
visão na forma de evolução, o que indica que podemos analisar a cultura a partir
da perspectiva da cognição e vice-versa.
O presente trabalho adota os métodos de comparação e contraste e análise de
caso para fazer um estudo da representação de símbolos chineses e das imagens
masculinas e femininas no cinema de Hollywood. Procurar-se-ão afinidades e
dissemelhanças entre “self culture” e “other culture”, que são grandemente
influenciadas por muitos elementos culturais invisíveis, como a história, a política,
a economia, a filosofia e a religião. Com base na pesquisa dos elementos chineses
no cinema de Hollywood, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as causas da
sua popularização e dos valores culturais refletidos, que por sua vez são
influenciados por fatores invisíveis. Ao mesmo tempo, analisar-se-ão as
semelhanças e distinções entre a cultura americana e a cultura chinesa
representadas no cinema de Hollywood, aplicando as teorias da Dimensão
Cultural de Hofstede (1991) e a Orientação do Valor de Kluckhohn e Strodtbek
(1961). Após uma série dos estudos, esta dissertação conclui que a utilização dos
elementos chineses no cinema de Hollywood reflete uma tendência mútua da
globalização das culturas, bem como um processo bidirecional entre a cultura
dominante e a cultura dominada. Os elementos chineses no cinema de Hollywood
passaram por um longo período, desde o estágio negativo até um estágio
gradualmente positivo e objetivo, durante o qual se reflete que a cultura
tradicional chinesa é mostrada no cinema americano como estranha e exótica. Por
outro lado, podemos ver os papéis insubstituíveis que os elementos chineses
desempenham no cenário cultural global.
The interaction between different cultures improves multiculturalism and globalization. Conflicts and the mixing of Western and Eastern cultures bring us all the challenges and opportunities. Cross-cultural communication involves two aspects: linguistic ability and cultural cognition. The research on the former aspect has been widely demonstrated and disseminated but the deficiency in cultural cognition has not been given due attention. Culture is a manifestation of the evolution of human beings, which has much to do with human's cognition. Some experts have proposed that culture and cognition can serve mutually as an angle of view in the form of evolution, which indicates that we can analyze culture from the perspective of cognition and vice versa. The Hollywood film industry is the best model for its powerful cultural offensive in the study of culture. Recently, the adoption of Chinese elements by Hollywood offers us more and more subject of study about the American and Chinese cultures. A period is required for communication between the two cultures from which new cultural qualities and new points of development of cultural encounters take place. The present work adopts the methods of document analysis, comparison and contrast, and case analysis to make a study of the representation of Chinese masculine and feminine images and typical symbols in Hollywood cinema, finding that affinities and dissimilarities for "self culture" and "other culture" is greatly influenced by many invisible cultural elements, such as history, politics, economics, philosophy, and religion. Based on the research of the Chinese elements in Hollywood, this work aims to analyze the causes of their formation and their cultural value influenced by invisible factors. At the same time, this dissertation also aims to study the similarities and distinctions between American culture and Chinese culture represented by the Chinese elements in Hollywood by applying the theories of Cultural Dimension by Hofstede (1991) and the Value Guidance by Kluckhohn and Strodtbek (1961) . After a series of studies, this dissertation concludes that the use of the Chinese elements in Hollywood cinema reflects a mutual tendency of the globalization of cultures, as well as a bidirectional process between the dominant culture and the dominated culture. The Chinese elements in Hollywood have gone a long way, from the negative stage to a gradually positive and objective stage, during which it is reflected that the traditional Chinese culture is shown as foreign and exotic by Americans. On the other hand, we can see the irreplaceable roles that the Chinese elements play in the global cultural scene.
The interaction between different cultures improves multiculturalism and globalization. Conflicts and the mixing of Western and Eastern cultures bring us all the challenges and opportunities. Cross-cultural communication involves two aspects: linguistic ability and cultural cognition. The research on the former aspect has been widely demonstrated and disseminated but the deficiency in cultural cognition has not been given due attention. Culture is a manifestation of the evolution of human beings, which has much to do with human's cognition. Some experts have proposed that culture and cognition can serve mutually as an angle of view in the form of evolution, which indicates that we can analyze culture from the perspective of cognition and vice versa. The Hollywood film industry is the best model for its powerful cultural offensive in the study of culture. Recently, the adoption of Chinese elements by Hollywood offers us more and more subject of study about the American and Chinese cultures. A period is required for communication between the two cultures from which new cultural qualities and new points of development of cultural encounters take place. The present work adopts the methods of document analysis, comparison and contrast, and case analysis to make a study of the representation of Chinese masculine and feminine images and typical symbols in Hollywood cinema, finding that affinities and dissimilarities for "self culture" and "other culture" is greatly influenced by many invisible cultural elements, such as history, politics, economics, philosophy, and religion. Based on the research of the Chinese elements in Hollywood, this work aims to analyze the causes of their formation and their cultural value influenced by invisible factors. At the same time, this dissertation also aims to study the similarities and distinctions between American culture and Chinese culture represented by the Chinese elements in Hollywood by applying the theories of Cultural Dimension by Hofstede (1991) and the Value Guidance by Kluckhohn and Strodtbek (1961) . After a series of studies, this dissertation concludes that the use of the Chinese elements in Hollywood cinema reflects a mutual tendency of the globalization of cultures, as well as a bidirectional process between the dominant culture and the dominated culture. The Chinese elements in Hollywood have gone a long way, from the negative stage to a gradually positive and objective stage, during which it is reflected that the traditional Chinese culture is shown as foreign and exotic by Americans. On the other hand, we can see the irreplaceable roles that the Chinese elements play in the global cultural scene.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Chineses - No cinema China - No cinema Cinema - Estados Unidos da América Comunicação intercultural Teses de mestrado - 2018